antibacterial

Cochlospermum planchonii is a multipurpose traditional medicinal plant that is found in most tropical regions of the world. The objectives of this research were to identify the class and type of phytochemicals present, quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and determine the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the plant leaves extract. This was achieved by extracting with two solvents of very different polarity (n-hexane and methanol). Harborne’s method was used for the identification of the class of phytochemicals while GC-MS was used to identify the type of phytochemicals. Folin-Ciocalteau method was used to determine the total phenolic content while aluminum colorimetric assay was used to determine the total flavonoid content. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for the antibacterial assay while DPPH was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. The phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and glycosides while terpenoids, alkaloids and anthraquinones were absent in the methanol extract. Steroids and terpenoids were present in the n-hexane extract while saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones and glycosides were absent. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents obtained were 97.48 ± 0.42 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 161.85 ± 0.37 mg quercetin equivalent/ g extract respectively. Several phytochemicals were identified using GC-MS. The most abundant in the methanol and n-hexane extracts was n-hexadecanoic acid (9.90%) and octacosane (24.24%) respectively. The observed DPPH scavenging activity was 66.73 ± 0.26% while extract reduced Fe3+ ferricyanide complex to the ferrous form (Fe2+). The methanol extract was active against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typii, Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The leaves of Cochlospermum planchonii is rich in phenolics and flavonoids and possess high antioxidant activity. It also exhibits antibacterial activity against some human pathogens.

This research work was carried out on the species Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott (Nephrolepidaceae), a fern from Côte d’Ivoire with the aim of establishing its phytochemical, antioxidant and biological profile. The results obtained from the phytochemical screening show that said species contains alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, polyphenols, sterols, terpenes, and tannins. The antioxidant activity was evaluated spectrophotometrically against the DPPH radical in comparison with that of vitamin C. The determination of the antibacterial parameters indicates that N. biserrata doesn’t exhibit any bactericidal action against the bacterial strains tested. Regarding the vermicidal activity against earthworms, decocts of N. biserrata showed an anthelmintic effect, which however remains less pronounced than that of albendazole, the anthelmintic antiparasitic taken as a reference.

Talinum fruticosum.L (Talinaceae) is a erect, stout, fleshy, perennial herb. It is used as a leaf vegetable. It contain rich in vitamins including vitamin A and C and minerals such as iron and calcium. The present work highlights phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of Talinum fruticosum. The whole plant were collected from Kasaragod district and subjected to successive solvent extraction. The next step the various extracts of the plant were tried to phytochemical screening. The phytochemical screening shows the presence of flavonoids glycosides carbohydrates and protein. the chloroform and methanolic extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening. The chloroform extract shown the activity against gram positive organism. The phytoconstituents like flavonoids, glycosides are responsible for this activity. The phytochemical studies gave confirmation of the above said result.

Purines and pyrimidine derivatives are the important class of compounds in medicinal chemistry. Pyrimidine – a totally unsaturated six membered ring containing nitrogen at 1,3-position. They represent the diazine family with urazil and thymine being the constituents of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and with cytosine. The work highlights one pot synthesis of some 1,3-dihydro pyrimidine derivatives from different substituted aldehydes. All the synthesized derivatives were screened for antibacterial activity using  gram positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Pseudomona aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) organisms at concentrations of 400μg/disc and 200μg/disc. The compound 5b (p-dimethyl aminophenyl derivative) was found to be sensitive in all strains. The structure of compound 5b was confirmed by IR spectral studies.

The area of pharmaceuticals and synthetic organic chemistry continued to remain dependent on the heterocyclic compounds due to their wide array of properties both biological and synthetic. However, their extensive clinical use as medicinal drugs and their synthetic applications has been prompting the chemists to develop new structural triazole derivatives. Benzotriazole is benzene fused azole derivative exhibiting tremendous application in medicinal and synthetic chemistry. Benzotriazole bearing compounds possess various activities such as anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antitubercular, antiviral, antioxidative, antiparasitic, antioxidative. Also, the versatility and usefulness of benzotriazole methodology in synthesis protocol has grown from an obscure level to extreme popularity, since benzotriazole moiety can easily be introduced into a molecule by variety of reactions, thus allowing numerous transformations, and finally its stability and ease of removal at the of the reaction sequence.  In this review, we briefly describe the development of new benzotriazole compounds having wide range of applications during the period of 2011 to 2016.

Azetidin-2-ones (β-lactams) have been a mainstay as therapeutics for the treatment of a wide range of bacterial infections. The interest in β-lactams stems from their highly unusual structure-activity profiles towards a genera of pathogenic bacteria. Tremendous efforts have been made in the literature towards the development of novel β-lactam compounds for a study of their biological evaluation. The present review begins with a brief introduction of β-lactam antibiotics. This is preceded by the progress made towards the biological evaluation of a variety of racemic as well as optically active cis- or trans-3-acetoxyazetidin-2-ones. Their application in medicinal field as antifungal, antibacterial, antitumor, anticancer, IMR32 cytotoxic agents and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is discussed.

Interactions of (2E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4 dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one with various substituted thioureas such as thiourea, N-phenylthiourea, 2-chlorophenylthiourea, 3-chlorophenylthiourea and 4-chlorophenylthiourea in presence of isopropanol as a medium. The products isolated in these reactions were characterized on the basis of conventional elemental analysis, chemical characteristics and spectral data. All the synthesized compounds screened against various microorganisms such as gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative Escherichia coli. Ciprofloxacin was used as a standard drug for the antimicrobial screening.

Chalcones are a category of compounds consisting of two aryl rings linked by an α,β-unsaturated ketone moiety. The synthesized compounds CEA and CMA were evaluated for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method. The antibacterial and antifungal activity was evaluated against Moraxella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacterial strains), Candida albicans, A.niger and Trichophyton (fungal strains) using Erythromycin (for bacteria) and Ciprofloxacin (for fungi) as the standard drugs. The structure of synthesized compounds has been elucidated by IR, 1H, 13C NMR and elemental analysis.

Microwave assisted solvent free synthesis of cyclohexenone and indazole derivatives were carried out by chalcones derived from different acetophenones and 1-naphthaldehyde. Structures of the compounds have been characterized by IR, 1H NMR, Mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. All the synthesized indazole derivatives were screened for antibacterial activity and are found to posses moderate to good activity against some species of bacteria.

The love affair of Asian’s with Ling zhi, the Chinese name for Ganoderma lucidum and related species can be traced back over two thousand years. Ganoderma lucidum has been used for a broad spectrum of health benefits from preventive measures and maintenance of health to the regulation or treatment of chronic as well as acute life threatening illness. The present study was done to compare the Aqueous and methanolic extract of Ganoderma lucidum for anthelmintic activity and to compare the methanolic and chloroform-acetone extract of Ganoderma lucidum for antibacterial activity. Aqueous extract of mushroom did not show any result for anthelmintic activity, while the methanolic extract (60 mg/ml) was equally effective as standard (Albendazole 20 mg/ml). For antibacterial activity both the methanolic (350 mg/ml) and chloroform-acetone (350 mg/ml) extracts showed effective results, but the results of choloroform-acetone extract were more effective than methanolic extract and standard (Gentamycin 40 mg/ml). Key words: anthelmintic, antibacterial, methanolic extract, aqueous extract.