GC-MS

Cochlospermum planchonii is a multipurpose traditional medicinal plant that is found in most tropical regions of the world. The objectives of this research were to identify the class and type of phytochemicals present, quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and determine the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the plant leaves extract. This was achieved by extracting with two solvents of very different polarity (n-hexane and methanol). Harborne’s method was used for the identification of the class of phytochemicals while GC-MS was used to identify the type of phytochemicals. Folin-Ciocalteau method was used to determine the total phenolic content while aluminum colorimetric assay was used to determine the total flavonoid content. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for the antibacterial assay while DPPH was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. The phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and glycosides while terpenoids, alkaloids and anthraquinones were absent in the methanol extract. Steroids and terpenoids were present in the n-hexane extract while saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones and glycosides were absent. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents obtained were 97.48 ± 0.42 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 161.85 ± 0.37 mg quercetin equivalent/ g extract respectively. Several phytochemicals were identified using GC-MS. The most abundant in the methanol and n-hexane extracts was n-hexadecanoic acid (9.90%) and octacosane (24.24%) respectively. The observed DPPH scavenging activity was 66.73 ± 0.26% while extract reduced Fe3+ ferricyanide complex to the ferrous form (Fe2+). The methanol extract was active against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typii, Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The leaves of Cochlospermum planchonii is rich in phenolics and flavonoids and possess high antioxidant activity. It also exhibits antibacterial activity against some human pathogens.

Pithecellobium dulce is a species of flowering plant in the pea family Fabaveae, that is native to the Pacific Coast and adjacent highlands of Maxico, Central Amerca, and northern South America. Pithecellobium dulce. It is used as medicinal plant. An extract of the leaves is used for gall ailments and to prevent miscarriage. The methanolic extract of leaves was obtained by Soxhelt extractor followed by concentration in rotary evaporator. Separation of bioactive chemicals was carried out by column chromatography while studies by GC-MS which shows presence of following bioactive chemicals Phytol, Anthracene, 9(3butenyl), mm Diisooctyl phthalate, 13Docosenamide,, 3,6,9triethyl3,6,9trimethyl Formic acid, Cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl, l(+) Ascorbic acid 2,6dihexadecanoate. The leaf extract of Pithecellobium dulce showed good inhibition against gram positive Organisms. The highest inhibition was noted S.epidermidis (24mm), P. acne(14mm) and s. aur(11mm).

The biodiesel is quite similar to conventional diesel fuel in its physical characteristics and can be used alone or mixed in any ratio with petroleum based diesel fuel in most existing modern four-stroke combustion ignition diesel engines with very few technical adjustments or no modification. Biodiesel as a neat can be used as a direct substitute for petro diesel and is technically called B100.The reaction is catalyzed by NaOH making this process economically viable for the industrial scale production of biodiesel. Biodiesel is an excellent product as it is environmentally friendly. Chromatogram GC-MS analysis showed 12 peaks were detected as methyl esters of fatty acids in Biodiesel coconut oil but there is only one a prominent peak that has great intensity.

Butea monosperma and Butea superba belonging to the family, Fabaceae are most exploited medicinal plants by different tribal groups of Jharkhand. They are commonly found in the hills and jungles of Jharkhand and are used against arthritis, osteoarthritis, diarrhoea, dysentery, snakebite, male sexual debilities, sunstroke, leucorrhoea, anthelmintic and filariasis. Ethanolic exacts of the barks and flowers of both the plants did not exhibit significant antibacterial and antifungal activities. Phytochemical analyses revealed a total of 14 bioactive compounds from the barks and flowers of B. monosperma and B. superba.  Successful management of several diseases among the ethnic groups of Jharkhand, is indicative of presence of curative drugs without toxicity and side effects, and it could further the isolation and purification of active compounds contained in them.

The aim of the study was to assess Pharmacognestic study of crude plant extract of Rivea hypocrateriformis and was carried out to characterize the chemical composition of some constituents by GC-MS analysis. Different solvent extracts (aqueous, methanolic, chloroform, ethyl acetate and DMSO) of plant R. hypocrateriformis leaves were assessed for in vitro antimicrobial activity assay by disc diffusion method furthermore antioxidant assay was carried out DPPH free radical scavenging activity, Phytochemical screening was carried out by ‘guide to modern techniques of plant analysis” and GC-MS analyses were performed to identify the constituents present in the plant that stand behind such activities. Due to higher polarity, DMSO extract show revealed presence of maximum phytochemical composition susceptibility as well as methanol and chloroform shows average amount of phytoconstituents. The antibacterial screening is the major of the inhibition hollow observed in inhibition zone. The highest inhibition zone was observed in DMSO extract against each bacterial strain. Where E. coli shows mid active zone inhibition and S. aureus show less, IC50 value of the sample was found to be moderate as compared to standard and the eight compounds were identified in R. hypocrateriformis leaf extract by GCMS analysis. R. hypocrateriformis plant had considerable major chemical composition present in crude extract. Due to presence of major chemical components make it seems to be important for medical purposes and plant contains Potential antibacterial components that may be useful for evolution of pharmaceutical for the therapy of ailments. Also plant extracts can be used for the treatment of infections caused by the strains of the test bacterial organisms.

Plants are widely used by people in traditional and modern medicine all over the world. In fact, all of their remedies can be used safely and without the side effects of drugs. Phytochemical analysis of medicinal plants has revealed that numerous bioactive compounds in plants traditionally used for medicinal purposes have many therapeutically properties. Hence in the present study, a general chemical identification of a Lebanese medicinal plant Urtica dioica was carried out. The results obtained validate the traditional uses of nettle, and showed that this plant possesses an important pharmaceutical value and leads to the isolation and characterization of three compounds from hexane extract. Structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectral methods [FTIR, GC-MS, 1H NMR] after column chromatography on silica gel.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical composition of Spirulina subjected to different solvent extraction (acetone, methanol and ethyl acetate) by using soxhlet methodology and the extracts were analysis by Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) using DB-5 capillary column. During GC-MS analysis, it was observed that fatty acid components are present in their extracts. In acetone extract, totally forty compounds were identified and heptacosane (17.25%), hexacosane (17.04%), heneicosane (14.47%), pentacosane (13.22%) and Nonacosane (11.29%) as major components. Thirty five compounds were identified in methanol extract and the major compounds are n-Hexadecanoic acid (19.9%), Cyclononasiloxane octadeca methyl (7.81%) and phytol (6.53%). Thirty components were identified in ethyl acetate extract and dodecane (17.35%), heptadecane (15.31%), sufurous acid butyl heptadecyl ester (11.31%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (4.26%) most abundant in ethyl acetate extract.