anti-inflammatory

Ferulic acid (FA), a common plant compound, has been of great interest in recent years because of its multifaceted pharmacological activities. In this review, the pharmacological activity of ferulic acid has been thoroughly explored, encompassing its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, and photoprotective effects. The molecular mechanisms of these activities have been elaborately discussed, along with possible therapeutic potentials in different disease conditions. Recent developments in drug delivery systems to improve FA bioavailability and clinical trials assessing its efficacy are also discussed. Although with encouraging preclinical results, hurdles are still present in extensing these observations to clinical use, and additional research is required to maximally exploit the therapeutic potential of this strategic phytochemical.

In the modern world, a number of heterocycles have emerged and are showing important roles in a variety of human-beneficial pharmaceutical compounds. Pyrazoles are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds with five members. They have garnered a lot of attention because they belong to a significant class of chemicals for therapeutic development and Quinolines, A typical example of bicyclic heterocyclic compounds. Meanwhile, derivatives of pyrazole and quinoline have been synthesized as target structures and have shown a wide range of biological actions, including antitubercular, anticancer, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-tuberculosis properties. The findings of published studies on the synthesis and biological activity of quinoline and pyrazole derivatives are compiled in this review. The Scopus database was consulted to gather and evaluate the published research papers on the biological activities and synthesis of pyrazole and quinoline derivatives that were published between January 2019 and December 2023.

Inflammation plays key role in various diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation is defined as the local response of living mammalian tissues to tissue injury due to any agent. It is a body defense reaction in order to eliminate or limit the spread of injurious agent as well as to remove the consequent necrosed cells and tissues. Leucas aspera is a used orally as stimulant, anthelmintic, laxative, diaphoretic, for the treatment of headache, asthma, and bronchitis. The decoction of roots, stem of Leucas aspera is used orally for high fevers, for influenza, and for malarial fevers. Cassia tora commonly is used as tonic, carminative and stimulant. According to Ayurveda the leaves and seeds are acrid, laxative, antiperiodic, anthelmintic, ophthalmic, liver tonic, cardiotonic and expectorant. This study was aimed to evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of the roots of Leucas aspera and Cassia tora.

Achyranthus aspera Linn, Moringa oleifera Lam and Scopharia dulcis Linn are used in the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of many diseases. Achyranthus aspera (AA) the whole plant and especially the roots, characterized by their uterine stimulant activity, are prescribed in the therapy of rheumatism, lumbago, osteodynia, dysuria, post-partum haematomata and dysmenorrhoea. There is no doubt that the pure Moringa oleifera (MO) Tree leaf is the source of incredible health benefits. It's the ultimate, natural, organic, energy and endurance health supplement. Scopharia dulcis (SD) plant has long held a place in herbal medicine in almost every tropical country where it grows, and it is much used by indigenous people. In this present work the flavonoid and phenolic content of the three plants were estimated. Then the  anti inflammatory activity of the plants were evaluated by Carrageenan induced   paw oedema method with alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the plants and the Analgesic activity was evaluated by Acetic Acid Induced Writhing Test Method. The plants are having very good significant effect in the Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic activity and it  may be due to the presence of flavonoids .

To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of methanol extract of flowers of Salvia officinalis Linn. (MESO). Antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging activity of MESO has been evaluated by employing various in vitro models including reducing power, Total antioxidant activity, DPPH radical, ABTS  radical, superoxide radical (O2• –), nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity. Anti-inflammatory activity has been evaluated by carrageenan induced rat paw edema animal model. The plant extract (MESO) revealed significant antioxidant activity with lower IC50 values. Metal chelating activity was found poor. In inflammation model, MESO demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity with maximum oedema inhibition at 3 rd hour post carrageenan injection. The results indicated that the plant could be a potential source of antioxidant and could find a use in the herbal therapy of inflammation also.

Flavones, have been synthesized by the oxidative cyclization of 2'-hydroxychalcones using catalytic amount of iodine in presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in maximum yield. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Two compounds showed good anti-inflammatory activity as compared to their antioxidant activities. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1HNMR and MS Spectroscopy.

Ixora pavetta Andrews, (var.: I. Parviflora Vahl.) is a small tree or evergreen shrub belongs to the family Rubiaceae, and is used for many ailments, especially for the treatment of to treat chronic wounds, urinary diseases, skin infection, pulmonary troubles, liver disorder, hair tonic, sedative, diuretic, diarrhoea, dysentery, leucorrhoea and veneral diseases. Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanol exract of I. pavetta leaf showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponin glycoside. In the analgesic activity, ethanol extract provoked a significant reduction of the number of writhes in acetic acid-induced writhing response, also significantly reduced the licking time in both phases of the formalin test and highest analgesia in hot-plate test (P < 0.01) compared to the control group. The anti-inflammatory effects were investigated employing the both carrageenan and arachidonic acid -induced hind-paw oedema in rats and results of the study revealed the extract to have significant (P

Some chalcones (2a-2n) were synthesized by the condensation of various substituted benzaldehydes and unsubstituted/4-bromo acetophenone by using Claisen-Schmidt condensation. This is a comparative study of synthesizing compounds by conventional as well as non-conventional microwave irradiation in a commercially modified microwave oven. The research is focused on the remarkable reaction rate enhancement by the use of various non-conventional microwave irradiations which minimizes the time and solvents in reactions. Variety of functional groups such as nitro, chloro, dimethylamino, methoxy and methyl survived under the reaction conditions. The structures of newly synthesized compounds have been established on the basis of IR, 1H NMR spectral data and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were screened for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.

The wide occurrence of benzo fused and heterocyclic fused [1,4] oxazines in bioactive natural product and pharmaceuticals have made them important synthetic targets. 2H-1,4-pyridoxazin-3-(4H)-one   has been studied intensively as important heterocyclic systems for building natural and designed synthetic compounds. They are utilized as suitable skeletons for the design of biologically active compounds, ranging from anti-inflammatory, analgesics, bacteriostatic, fungistatic and MAO inhibitors etc. Various researchers with help of organic and analytical chemistry developed 2H-1,4-pyridoxazin-3-(4H)-one using different synthetic route.

This research work evaluated the effects of Psidium guajava leaf extract on differential white blood cell count, % Packed Cell Volume(PCV) and Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in acute -induced inflamed wistar rats. The study involved the use of forty five rats (in two groups) and were each divided into various subgroups (5mg/kg, 10mg/kg, 15mg/kg of extract and aspirin and control groups), with average weight of 150-270g. The initial, inflamed, and treated values of rats paw volumes were taken and after inducing inflammation with egg albumin and after a period of administration of the extract and aspirin, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected. The results obtained at the end of the experiment showed that there were differences in values (i.e. initial, inflamed and treated). There was an increase in %PCV, WBC, Hb concentration after administration of extract and aspirin which led to a decrease in inflammatory effect. The effect may be due to the anti-inflammatory components present in P. guajava leaf and stem bark extracts which not only inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators but equally have multiplier effects on acutely low hematologic parameters. Based on these results, it is clear that P. guajava extracts possess components that sustain prompt recovery of these hematologic parameters during inflammation, a possible mechanism of action of its anti-inflammatory effect on animals.