Karnataka

  Intravenous Incompatibilities are ‘undesirable reactions which occur when two are more drugs are administered through a single intravenous line or given in a single solution’, will leads to experience toxicity or an incomplete therapeutic effect in the patient.   Hence the present study mainly focused on clinical pharmacist assessment in intravenous admixtures administration.This study was an observational, prospective study method. When a single (drug solution) two or more drug (drug-drug solution compatibilities) administered directly into the infusion or in the same infusion line, the compatibility of the drug will be checked by using primary, secondary or tertiary resources. A one day workshop was conducted for the nursing professionals about intravenous incompatibilities for increasing the awareness and for providing of standardized nursing care services while administering of intravenous drugs. The results of this study showed that out of 145 combinations; 25 (17.24%) are compatible, 41 (28.28%) incompatible, 10 (6.9%) variable and 69 (47.58%) undocumented.  Comparative evaluation of pre and post test score percentage of 78 participants showed that,  ≤ 40 percentage score was observed in 37.18% in pre-evaluation test whereas only 5.13% was observed in the post-evaluation test, and interestingly  >80 percentage score was not found in the pre-evaluation test, whereas 7.69% participants  scored in the post-evaluation test . This study showed that Clinical Pharmacist assessment in intravenous admixture will helps in minimizing of incompatibilities ,  unidentified area research gaps , and also make the nurses  to aware about nursing care /precautions in intravenous administration. Key words: Intravenous admixtures, Incompatibilities, Clinical Pharmacist.

  Present investigation describes preparation of microspheres by solvent evaporation followed by in vitro characterization of microspheres to evaluate the effect of method of preparation on physical properties and drug release profile of microspheres. The microspheres were found to be discrete, spherical with free flowing properties. The morphology (Scanning Electron Microscopy), particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency and their release profiles were investigated. The yield was found to be maximum in case of solvent evaporation method. The microsphere prepared by solvent evaporation method was found in ranges of 250-50 μm, respectively. The microspheres formulation prepared by solvent evaporation method the drug carrier interactions were investigated in solid state by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy study. In vitro drug release rate for A microsphere was found to be sustained over 12 hours. Hence, it can be concluded that the Formulation prepared by solvent evaporation method, has potential to deliver Losartan Potassium in a controlled manner in a regular fashion over extended period of time in Comparison to all other formulations and can be adopted for a successful oral delivery of Losartan potassium for safe management of hypertension.

  In the present investigation an attempt was made to formulate fast dissolving tablets using BCS class II drug Repaglinide, ie low solubility and high permeability to form an inclusion complex to improve the dissolution rate, thus enhancing the bioavailability. Beta-CD inclusion complex was made in varying ratios 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 of drug and polymer by solvent evaporation method. The complexes were evaluated for phase solubility, drug content and drug release. Phase solubility study revealed AL type indicating linear increase in solubility with increase in the carrier concentrations. The inclusion complex 1:1 ratio prepared by spray dried was studied for drug content uniformity which was ranging from 85-98%, FTIR showed no any compatibility of the drug and beta-CD; DSC and XRD showed distinct loss of drug crystallinity accounting for enhancement in the dissolution rate. SEM revealed spherical shape of the inclusion complex. The drug release study was carried out in 0.1N HCL using USP type paddle dissolution apparatus revealed to be 93% within 5 mins. The FDT was formulated by direct compression method six batches of tablets were prepared with varying ratios of superdisintegrants (F1-F6). The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration which was found within the official range, drug content ranging from 89-94%. The formulation F3 containing Crosspovidone was optimized which showed maximum drug release of 98% within 10 mins. Kinetics of drug release from all the tablets followed zero order release with non-Fickian type diffusion. Key words: Repaglinide, Beta- Cyclodextrin, Spray drying and fast dissolving tablets

In this present work Erythromycin stearate nanosuspension has been formulated. Since Erythromycin stearate is insoluble in water, it has been formulated as nanosuspension to improve bioavailability of the drug. The formulation was carried out using High Pressure Homogenization method using different variables like drug-surfactants ratio, stirring speed and rotation time, to optimize the final formulation while keeping the quantities of active ingredient constant. An optimized final formulation was prepared by using drug, poloxamer 188 and tween20 in 1:2:2 ratios with stirring speed of 25000 rpm for 25 minutes using High Pressure Homogenizer (Polytron PT 1600E) followed by lyophilisation. The optimized final formulation was subjected to in-vitro parameters such as compatibility, drug content, particle size analysis, zeta-potential, SEM, in-vitro release profile. All the in vitro evaluation parameters complied the limits. Stability studies were also conducted as per ICH guidelines and from the result it may be concluded that the optimized formulation is stable. Finally, it is concluded that the drug is compatible and stable with the excipients, hence Erythromycin stearate can be formulated as nanosuspension by this method. Key words: Erythromycin stearate, Poloxamer 188, Nanosuspension, Zeta potential, DSC, SEM.    

Glimepiride loaded polymeric blend matrices were prepared using hydrogel forming polysaccharide like agar, isabgol, aloe vera and gelatin by solution blending method. The polymeric blends were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that there was no reaction between drug and polymers. The surface morphology of prepared polymeric blends was studied by scanning electron microscopy which suggested that polymeric blend matrices have smooth/rough surface with vacuoles. All the polymeric blend matrices were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, thickness and drug content which suggested that all these parameters were uniform as the total amount of the polymers was fixed to 10%. The polymer blend matrices show good hardness of more than 8 kg/cm2 and drug content more than 95 % suggested that the solution blending method used was suitable for the preparation of polymeric blends. The polymeric blend showed good swelling in the range of 244.12 to 411.22 % within 8 h maintaining integrity of formulation. The in vitro release of the glimepiride was rapid in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 with more than 81.96% released within 8 h. Increases in the amount of agar enhance the in vitro release whereas increases in the amount of gelatin decrease the release of glimepiride. Hence the polymeric blends prepared with agar or gelatins with other polysaccharide as binary or ternary system extend the glimepiride up to 8 h and can be used for effective management of diabetes and also presence of aloe vera may provide synergistic hypoglycemic effect.

Floating drug delivery system is one of the novel drug delivery system. Floating drug delivery system have a bulk density less than gastric fluids and so remain buoyant in the stomach without affecting gastric emptying rate for a prolonged period of time. The aim of the present study was to develop floating microspheres of Rabeprazole sodium(RPS), which belong to class of proton pump inhibitor. Floating microspheres of Rabeprazole were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method using HPMC K15M and ethyl cellulose as polymer. Six different formulations were developed. The floating microsphere was evaluated for angle of repose, particle size, percentage yield, in vitro buoyancy, incorporation efficiency, drug polymer compatibility (IR study), scanning electron microscopy, drug release and DSC(Differential Scanning colorimetry), X-Ray Diffraction(XRD) of microsphere. Results show that as the concentration of polymer increases it affects the particle size, percentage yield, in vitro buoyancy and drug release of microsphere. Formulations prepared with HPMC K15M exhibited excellent Micromeritic properties, percentage yield, in vitro buoyancy, incorporation efficiency and percentage drug release when compared to ethyl cellulose polymer. Results of our present study suggest that floating microsphere of Rabeprazole sodium can be successfully designed to develop controlled drug delivery which can reduce dosing frequency thus this formulation can be considered as an alternative to conventional dosage forms. Key words: floating drug delivery systems, Rabeprazole sodium (RPS), incorporation efficiency, dosing frequency, DSC(Differential Scanning colorimetry)  X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

Several pharmacological activities like anti-cancer, anti-microbial, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-viral activity have been attributed to tetrahydrocarbazole. The above observations prompted us to synthesize some novel tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives as possible anticancer agents. A series of novel tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives have been synthesized by the reaction of tetrahydrocarbazole with substituted aromatic aldehydes. The starting material, tetrahydrocarbazole were prepared by Fischer indolisation reaction of cyclohexanone with phenylhydrazine in the presence of acetic acid. The cycloaddition of tetrahydrocarcazole and substituted aromatic aldehydes gives tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives (A1-A10). The structures of synthesized derivatives were confirmed by IR, 1HNMR and Mass spectrum. The synthesized compounds were screened for their in-vitro anticancer activity. The anticancer activity data of the synthesized derivatives were found to be potent activity. Key words: Phenyl hydrazine, Cyclohexanone, Tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives, In-vitro anticancer activity.

Tuberculosis is a contagious infection caused by air borne bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a growing health problem in the developing world. India accounts for one-fifth of the global TB incident cases, each year nearly two million people in India develop TB1. This was a retrospective record based survey carried at AH & RC (Adichunchanagiri Hospital & Research Centre) Tertiary care teaching hospital, B.G Nagara. Twelve month data of all TB patients i.e. from Sep-09 to Aug-10 that were diagnosed in the Directly Observed Treatment Short Course Centre was taken, which included 120 diagnosed patients. Out of 120 patients diagnosed, the male to female ratio was 2.5:1, and 29 were from age group of 40 to 49 years. Pulmonary TB cases were more i.e. 85 (75.83%) when compared to extra pulmonary i.e. 35 (29.17%), new smear positive cases were 62 (51.67%) and new smear negative cases were 58 (48.33%). Total 67 (55.83%) patients were categorized in CAT-I, 25 (20.83%) patients in CAT-II and 28 (23.33%) in CAT-III.The Treatment Completion Rate (TCR) and rate of cure was not known since all patients were transferred to their nearest peripheral RNTCP/DOTS Centers, and those centers failed to provide proper feedback. So, for transferred TB cases a better system of follow up should be done in order to know about the TCR and rate of cure. Key Words: RNTCP/DOTS centre, Category, Tuberculosis, TCR (Treatment Completion Rate).  

Disadvantage in presently available synthetic drugs for inflammation is that they cause gastrointestinal irritation and reappearance of symptoms after discontinuation. Need for screening and development of novel, but better anti-inflammatory drugs and indigenous medicinal plants could be a logical source to find these. Herbal therapy is used to treat a large variety of ailment and symptoms, e.g., inflammation, fever and pain; however, there are no adequate experimental evidences about their effectiveness. The purpose of this investigation was study to the anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic properties of stem bark extract of Haldinia cordifolia in rats. Haldinia cordifolia (rubiaceae) has been extensively used in folk medicine for the treatment of ulcers, burns, fevers, antiseptic, diarrhoea and dysentery. The ethanolic extract of dried stem bark of Haldinia cordifolia was investigated for anti-inflammatory (carragenan induced rat paw oedema) and anti-pyretic (brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia) activities. Pre treatment with the extract (200 - 400 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly prevented increase in volume of paw oedema in dose dependent manner. Its effects on antipyretic activity were also significant and reduce fever at higher doses. In conclusion, this study has established the anti-inflammatory activity and antipyretic activity of Haldinia cordifolia and thus justifies the ethnic uses of the plant. Key words: Inflammation, Pyretic, Haldinia cordifolia, Ethanol, Carrageenan, Paw oedema.

In the present study, a series of S-[5-(phenylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl] benzenecarbothioate and S-[5-(phenyl amino)- 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl] ethanethioate were prepared by refluxing benzoyl chloride and acetyl chloride in presence of potassium carbonate with 5-(phenyl amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol. 5-(Phenyl amino)-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole-2-thiol were prepared by cyclization of arylthiosemicarbazide with carbondisulphide. The structure of new compounds prepared during present investigation have been authentically established by their IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral studies. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of thiadiazole derivatives also reported. Some of these derivatives exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. Key words: thiadiazole, thiosemicarbazide, antibacterial, antifungal.