Ethanol

Ethanol-induced memory impairment in rats is a consequence of changes within the central nervous system that are secondary to impaired oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction. Treatment with antioxidants and cholinergic agonists are reported to produce beneficial effects in animal models. Rutin is reported to exhibit antioxidant effect and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor activity. However, no report is available on the influence of rutin on ethanol-induced memory impairment. Therefore, we tested its influence against cognitive dysfunction in ethanol-induced rats using Morris water maze test and Novel object recognition test. Lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels as parameter of oxidative stress and ChE activity as a marker of cholinergic function were assessed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Forty five days after ethanol treated rats showed a severe deficit in learning and memory associated with increased lipid peroxidation, decreased glutathione, and elevated ChE activity. In contrast, chronic treatment with rutin (20-80 mg/kg, p.o., once a day for 45 days) and vitamin C (100 mg/kg, p.o.) improved cognitive performance, and lowered oxidative stress and ChE activity in ethanol treated rats. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that treatment with rutin prevents the changes in oxidative stress and ChE activity, and consequently memory impairment in ethanol treated rats.

A study on antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Hylocereus undatus fruits against acetaminophen and ethanol induced hepatotoxicity was conducted in experimental rats. Two doses 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg, p.o. of the extract were subjected for the evaluation of hepatoprotective potential against acetaminophen (2g/kg) and ethanol (2ml/100g) induced liver injury. Silymarin (25mg/kg) was used as a standard drug. The parameters like SGPT, SGOT, ALP, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and endogenous enzymes were estimated to assess the liver functions. Both the lower (250mg/kg) and higher dose (500mg/kg) of Hylocereus undatus fruit extract showed dose dependent significant decrease in SGPT, SGOT, ALP, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin levels when compared with toxic control. Both the doses showed decrease in LPO and increase in GSH levels. The present study concluded that Hylocereus undatus fruit was found to be effective against hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen and ethanol. Further studies are needed to isolate and characterize the active principles and to find out the mechanism responsible for its hepatoprotective activity.

The importance of mouth and teeth cleanliness has been recognized from the earliest days of civilization to the 21st century. Patients and oral health practitioners are faced with a multitude of mouthwash products containing many different active and inactive ingredients. Making informed decisions as to the suitability of a particular product for a particular patient can be a complex task. Although many popular herbal products have helped to control dental plaque and gingivitis, they have been used for a short time and only as an adjunct to other oral hygiene measures such as brushing and flossing. Various herbal products and their extracts such as Turmeric, Triphala, Neem, Tulsi, etc, have shown significant advantages over the chemical ones. Natural mouthwashes may offer significant advantages over the chemical ones. If such mouthwashes can be formulated which can be easily prepared and used safely by people at home using natural products, it may lead to improvement in the general dental health of the population. We have prepared formulation F1 to F5. Then according to antimicrobial activity and evaluation parameters optimized one formulation.

The main objective of this present work is to formulate and evaluate herbal hand wash in order to make a formulation that has less side effects and has better cleaning of hands using the ethanol extract of the flowering-tops (flower, including the stems, leaves and blooms) of plant Hyptis suaveolens. The prepared formulation was evaluated by different parameters like organoleptic properties, physico-chemical parameters along with the antibacterial test. The formulated hand watch was found to be good in physical parameters with good cleaning of hands.

Our health is influenced by many factors, called the determinants of health. WHO has defined its determinants as the set of "personal, social, economic and environmental factors that determine the health status of individuals or populations" (WHO, 1999). Conceptual models or theoretical frameworks help us to understand the complex issues that impede the determinants of health, support health planning interventions and policy development, and most importantly, understand the dimensions of health in order to act to reduce health inequalities between different population groups. This study examined diachronically different frameworks related to the determinants of health, classified them into forty-one conceptual frameworks developed by different countries, organizations and theorists and described as explanatory frameworks, and/or interactive frameworks, and/or action-oriented frameworks. Each framework is detailed according to the important elements and its field of interest. Five frameworks were selected after an in-depth analysis to agree on a comprehensive framework adapted to the Moroccan context and current political concerns and knowledge. In this perspective, our project proposes a conceptual framework of health determinants specific to the Moroccan context that is based on a holistic and intersectoral approach, which recognizes social inequalities in health, describes the role of individuals and communities, gives the importance of upstream action, and helps to improve our understanding of complex problems in the Moroccan health system.

Ethanol-induced memory impairment in rats is a consequence of changes within the central nervous system that are secondary to impaired oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction. Treatment with antioxidants and cholinergic agonists are reported to produce beneficial effects in animal models. Rutin is reported to exhibit antioxidant effect and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor activity. However, no report is available on the influence of rutin on ethanol-induced memory impairment. Therefore, we tested its influence against cognitive dysfunction in ethanol-induced rats using Morris water maze test and Novel object recognition test. Lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels as parameter of oxidative stress and ChE activity as a marker of cholinergic function were assessed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Forty five days after ethanol treated rats showed a severe deficit in learning and memory associated with increased lipid peroxidation, decreased glutathione, and elevated ChE activity. In contrast, chronic treatment with rutin (20-80 mg/kg, p.o., once a day for 45 days) and vitamin C (100 mg/kg, p.o.) improved cognitive performance, and lowered oxidative stress and ChE activity in ethanol treated rats. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that treatment with rutin prevents the changes in oxidative stress and ChE activity, and consequently memory impairment in ethanol treated rats.

The objective the present work was to investigate anti ulcer potentials of methanol extract of Tephrosia pumila. The aerial parts of Tephrosia pumila were dried under shade, powdered and deffated with petroleum ether and then marc left over was subjected to methanol extraction using soxhlet apparatus using soxhlet apparatus. Antiulcer activity of methanol extract was determined against stress induced and aspirin induced ulcers in experimental animal models. The total number of ulcers formed, ulcer index, percentage inhibition, ulcerated area, protected area, pH and Total acidity were parameters in the study. In present study, methanol extract of Tephrosia pumila have significantly reduced the total number of ulcers formed, ulcer index, ulcerated area and total acidity in therapeutic groups compare to vehicle control and there by significantly increased percentage inhibition of ulcers and protected area which was evident by significant rise in pH of gastric content. The effect of extracts was dose dependent and results were comparable to that of standard drug omeprazole. The results of the present work suggest that the methanol extract of Tephrosia pumila possess significant anti-ulcer potentials against experimentally induced ulcers in albino rats.  

The purpose of present work was to prepare a nimesulide-loaded liquid suppository using menthol and to study the effects of various penetration enhancers such as neem oil, tulsi oil and ethanol on the cumulative percentage release of nimesulide. The physicochemical properties such as gelation temperature and gel strength of various formulations composed of nimesulide, menthol and poloxamer 188 were investigated. The in vitro study of nimesulide delivered by the liquid suppositories composed of poloxamer 188, menthol and various concentrations of penetration enhancers were performed. The in vitro studies were performed using Keshary-Chein diffusion cell and Small wonder (Lyzer apparatus). The cumulative percentage release of nimesulide of each formulation were calculated and compared with the other formulations. The liquid suppository formulations containing neem oil 2% and tulsi oil 2% showed excellent release rate as compared to other formulations.

The objective of work was to formulate, evaluate the potential of ethosomes for delivering etodolace, a potent, water insoluble non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug via skin to enhance skin permeation after topical application. The effects of pH and ethanol contents on etodolac solubility were evaluated to find out the suitable dispersion medium for the ethosome preparations. Drug loaded ethosomes had been prepared using phospholipid and ethanol, were optimized and characterized  for entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, particle size and size distribution. The ethosome were prepared by using the thin film hydration method. The optimized formulation composed of 0. 4% w/v Soya lecithin and 0.1 % pluronic F127 as lipid component and 30% v/v ethanol in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 as dispersion medium. The vesicular size and zeta potential of ethosome was found to be 458.7nm,-36.6 mV respectively The entrapment efficiency was found to be 68.4±0.4%. In final phase of formulation optimized ethosome containing drug, was converted  to gel using three different carbopol 930 concentrations(0.5, 0.7 and 1% w/w).The gel of 0.7% carbopol was found to be the optimized gel  which  shown  excellent in­vitro  drug  release 

Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for the reduction of mild to moderate pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, injury, menstrual cramps, tenditis, bursitis and the treatment of primary dysmenorrheal. The reason behind incorporation of Naproxen in Niosomes as this non-ionic surfactants vesicles offer several advantages over other drug carriers like liposome with respect to its biocompatibility, simple and controllable preparation, their capacity to carry large amount of drug, commercially availability, capable of entrapping hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug, cheaper in cost, any special condition not require for the use of the surfactant. The niosome system which achieves the site specific delivery of drug with controlled release kinetics of drug in predictable manner. Before this preparation, prior preparations had been made known as Pro-niosomes with Cholesterol, Surfactant, and Ethanol which later on converting to Niosomes.