Karnataka

Onychomycosis also referred to as dermatophytic onychomycosis or Tinea unguium, is a fungal nail infection primarily caused by dermatophytes (like Trichophyton rubrum), yeasts (like Candida albicans), and non-dermatophytic moulds. In this study, an effort was made to develop a herbal medicated antifungal nail lacquer using Caesalpinia bonducella seeds. The objective was to enhance clinical efficacy while improving patient compliance. Authenticated C. bonducella seeds were extracted and formulated into nail lacquers using suitable excipients, including film-forming agents, plasticizers, solvents, penetration enhancers, and resins. The prepared formulations were evaluated for various physicochemical and biological parameters such as smoothness, glossiness, non-volatile content, drug content, adhesion, diffusion, and antifungal activity (zone of inhibition). FTIR analysis confirmed drug–excipient compatibility by retaining characteristic peaks. Among the formulations, F5 was identified as the optimized batch and subjected to accelerated stability testing under ICH guidelines at 37 ± 2 °C for one month. The results showed no significant changes in its initial characteristics, while the formulation maintained excellent antifungal activity. Overall, the developed antifungal nail lacquer demonstrated safety, stability, and effectiveness, suggesting its potential as a novel dosage form for the treatment of dermatophytic nail infections such as onychomycosis. Its use may significantly improve therapeutic outcomes and patient adherence compared to conventional therapies.

Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS), these dosage forms are designed to achieve prolonged gastric residence time in controlled release manner. The floating drug delivery system (FDDS) also comes under the gastro retentive drug delivery system. These type of formulations helps to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs and enhances the bioavailability of the drug. In gastrointestinal tract the absorption of dosage form or drug molecule is a highly variable process. To overcome all these physiological problems Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS) plays an important role. FDDS works on the principle of buoyancy (the tendency of an object or a molecule float in a fluid or the upward force that a fluid exerts on an object) which allows the drug to remain in the gastric environment for a prolonged period of time without rapid passing into the intestine. Floatation of a drug is due to bulk density less than gastric fluids and so, remain buoyant in the stomach for a prolonged period of time. Releasing the drug slowly at the desired rate and increase the bioavailability of narrow absorption window drugs. This review helps to know the floating drug delivery system principle, advantages and disadvantages, need for floating bilayer tablets, challenges in bi-layer tablet manufacturing and characterization and evaluation methods for bilayer floating tablets.

This study was designed to evaluate, learning and memory enhancing activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of whole plant of Sida veronicaefolia in rats using Elevated plus maze(EPM), Hebb William Maze(HWM), and Morris water maze(MWM) and to evaluate brain Acetylcholine esterase activity ,lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase activity, catalase and glutathione level. Rats were divided into 7 groups of 6 no each. Group 1(control) animals received vehicle , Group 2 animals received scopolamine (0.4mg/kg i.p.), on 19th and 27th day only, Groups 3 and 4 animals received 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg p.o. of aqueous extraction of Sida veronicaefolia. Group 5 and 6 animals received 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg p.o. of ethanolic extraction of Sida veronicaefolia and Group 7 animals received piracetam (400mg/kg i.p.) for 27 days, followed by scopolamine (0.4mg/kg i.p.) single dose on 19th and 27th day only. Assessment of transfer latency (TL), time taken to reach reward chamber (TRC) and assessment of swim latency (SL) was one on 19th and 27th day using elevated plus maze, Hebb William maze and Morris water maze. Animals were sacrificed on 27th day, brain acetylcholine esterase activity, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase activity, catalase activity and glutathione level were estimated. The data was expressed as mean ± S.E.M. The statistical analysis was done by means of ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hock test. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Sida veronicaefolia decreased Tranfer Latency, Time taken to reach Reward Chamber and Sim Latency in comparison to scopolamine treated rats, decreased acetylcholine esterase activity and lipid peroxidation and increased super oxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase activity in brain.

Depressive Disorder medications are pharmacological agents that are used to treat Major Depressive Disorder disease. The intention of the present study is to design and characterization of fast dissolving buccal films of Paroxetin.  Films were prepared by using different polymers like HPMC E15, PVA, PVP and Glycerol as plasticizer and saccharin as a sweetening agent and vanillin as a flavoring agent. Buccal films were prepared using solvent casting technique. The major problem with Paroxetine was it belongs to class ? in BCS classification and have low solubility in biological fluids. In order to enhance the solubility of Paroxetine solid dispersion of Paroxetine   were prepared by melting technique at different drug carrier (PEG 4000) weight ratios and evaluated. No interaction was found between the drug and the polymers which was obtained by FTIR studies. The buccal films were evaluated for Folding endurance, weight variation, Drug content, Thickness, permeation study and in-vitro drug release study. Dissolution profile were studied by using USP dissolution apparatus type I, pH 6.8 simulated saliva were used as dissolution media. The influence of variable like polymer type, and their concentration, on Paroxetine release profile was studied. The formulation was optimized on the basis of various evaluation parameters like drug content and In-vitro drug release. Formulation F3 successfully gave the fast release of drug within 12 minutes. Stability studies were as per ICH guide lines and result indicated that the selected formulation was stable.

Surgery is the art of practice or work of treating diseases, injuries or deformities by manual or operative procedures. Before the start of operative procedures, a very brief course of antibiotics is initiated. This study aims to study the antibiotic utilization in surgical prophylaxis. This was a prospective and observational study conducted on 303 patients for a period of 06 months with the approval of institutional ethical committee from the Apollo multi specialty hospital & research center. Those who satisfied the study criteria were consented and participated for the study. Among 303 patients 183 male and 120 females were enrolled for the study. Most of the participants were in the age group of 31- 40 years. 205 patients had a clean- contaminated wound. Inj. Cefuroxime was the most prescribed prophylactic and post-surgical antibiotic in this study to avoid surgical site infection. None of the patients had developed any surgical site infections and the results which were satisfiable. Rational therapy with antibiotics helped patients to improve the quality of life by reducing financial and physical burden.

The conventional drug delivery systems provide an immediate release of the drug in which the release of the drug cannot be managed and the effective concentration at the target site cannot be sustained for a longer time. This form of dosage pattern can lead to plasma concentration fluctuation. Osmotic systems are the most effective strategy-based drug delivery control system. They work on the osmotic pressure principle to control the drug's delivery. The release of the drug is largely independent of the GIT's physiological factors. Such processes use osmosis as the main driving force for the release of drugs. For the osmotic drug delivery system, adequate water solubility of the drug is necessary. Osmotic drug delivery systems are composed of a drug core that is osmotically active and surrounded by a semi-permeable membrane. Numerous formulation factors such as osmotic pressure of the core component(s), solubility and size of the delivery orifice, and the nature of semi-permeable membrane influence drug(s) release from osmotic systems. This review offers a brief description of components, ideal drug characteristics, types of osmotically regulated pump and its mechanism, advantages, disadvantages.

Elevated bioavailability is an advantage for most of the poorly soluble drugs. The present scenario of research investigation is concentrated on different techniques to alter the solubility characteristics of weakly soluble drugs and crystallization phenomenon is one amongst them. The low solubility problem can be solved by changing the crystal habit of drug. So, in the present research an attempt has been made to modify the solubility characteristics of Nifedipine, an anti-hypertensive drug, using solvent change method, Solvent evaporation technique and solvent change precipitation technique. Among them solvent change method gave a better formulation (NIF-MC-6) showing better dissolution (91.36% at the end of 240mins) as compared to pure drug and micro-crystals formulated using other methods. The formulated crystals of Nifedipine were subjected to various physico-chemical parameters like size distribution, solubility studies, in-vitro dissolution studies, drug content, FT- IR, DSC, crystallographic studies by PXRD and crystal morphology by SEM studies. The micro-crystals produced with PVPK30 and chloroform. FT-IR Results showed that there was no chemical interaction between the drug, solvent and the stabilizer. PXRD of micro-crystals showed higher peak height than pure drug indicating that crystal habit modification occurred in the micro-crystals without any polymeric changes and were found to be smaller in size than pure drug and free from any interactions. SEM studies indicated that the crystals are present in rectangular and square shape. The DSC curve showed that Nifedipine appeared an endothermic peak at about 1740C corresponding to its melting. However, the crystals prepared with PVP K30 shows shift of endothermic peak towards lower temperature at 170.820C respectively, dictating decreased melting point of the drug in the formed crystals, which accounted for increased solubility of the drugs.

A fluconazole o/w microemulsion was developed for topical application using isopropyl myristate as the oil phase. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed for the determination of existence region of micro emulsion region using the surfactant (tween 80 & Cremophor RH-40) and co-surfactant (ethanol). Different formulations were prepared for the evaluation of oil content, surfactant/co-surfactant concentration on in-vitro permeation rates. In-vitro transdermal permeability of flucanazole from the micro emulsions was evaluated using Keshary Chien diffusion cells mounted with 0.45µ with cellulose acetate membrane. The amount of drug (Fluconazole) permeated was analyzed by HPLC.

Both Qualitative and Quantitative analysis plays a significant role in promising the safety and therapeutic efficacy of drugs in variety dosage forms. A bioanalytical method is a set of procedures involved in the collection, processing, storage, and analysis of a biological matrix for a chemical compound. Bioanalytical studies are employed to obtain a quantitative measure of the drug or its metabolites for the study of pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetic, bioequivalence and exposure-response like pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic studies. Leukotriene receptor antagonists are widely used for the treatment and management of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis in different dosage forms. Drugs of this class are Zafirlukast, Montelukast and Pranlukast which are being potent drugs and are more than 99% bound to plasma proteins presenting special challenges in the development and validation of analytical methods from a variety of matrices. The main objective of this review is discussion on various analytical methods used, different solvents used as mobile phase and their retention times to understand final optimized chromatographic method which could be useful for the assessment of Pharmacokinetic parameters. Among different analytical methods, HPLC, LC-MS, UV-Visible spectroscopy and spectroflourimetric techniques are the most widely preferred techniques applied by the researchers worldwide. This review article gives information about various types of extraction procedures of the drug in plasma matrices to create an optimized method for method development and to offer practical approaches for determining validation parameters like specificity, selectivity, recovery, lower limit of quantitation (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), linearity, range, accuracy, precision, stability, ruggedness and robustness of High performance liquid chromatographic methods (HPLC)  to support pharmacokinetic studies. Accurate and sensitive analytical methods for quantitation of drugs and their metabolites are very important for the successful conduct of preclinical and clinical pharmacology studies..

In the recent year colonic drug delivery has gained importance for delivery of drug for the treatment of local diseases associated with colon and systemic delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins. Treatment could be more effective if it is possible for drug to be directly delivered to colon. During the last decade there are new developments in site-specific formulations for targeting drug to the colon. Colon has proved to be a site for the absorption of poorly soluble drugs. Micro carriers as colon drug delivery System has gained importance for the delivery of the drug in the colon because of their increase biocompatibility, controlled release of drug and higher stability. This review is discusses in brief about introduction to colon, Micro Carrier as colon drug delivery system. Oral delivery is still the most favorable route of drug administration, especially for chronic therapies where repeated administration of drug is required. Oral administration offers less pain, good patient convenience and reduced risk of cross infection and needle stick injuries.