Karnataka

Delonix regia, a well known plant with high medicinal value, reported to have a number of biological activities including antioxidant, and presence of flavonoids in its chemical constituents. Antioxidant property and flavonoids have been associated with wound healing actions of plants. The present study was done to investigate the wound healing properties of Delonix regia in experimental animal models. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Delonix regia flowers were prepared to study the effect on wound healing in albino rats using incision and excision wound models. Healing was assessed by the rate of wound contraction, period of epithelialisation, tensile strength (skin breaking strength) and estimation the hydroxyproline content. The extracts significantly promoted the healing process, as evident by an increase in wound breaking strength, percentage of wound contraction, increased hydroxyproline content and decreased epithelialisation period, suggesting the possible utilization of this plant to enhance wound healing. Key words: Delonix regia, flowers, extract, wound.

  The goal of present investigation highlights the formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal patches of Tramadol hydrochloride. The mucoadhesive buccal patches of Tramadol hydrochloride were prepared by solvent casting technique using various concentrations of Chitosan polymer. The formulated patches were evaluated for their physicochemical parameters like thickness, weight variation, surface pH, content uniformity, folding endurance swelling percentage studies and in vitro residence time. In vitro release studies were performed with pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution. Good results were obtained both in physicochemical and in vitro studies. The films were exhibited controlled release more than six hours. The in-vitro release datas were fit to different equation and kinetic models to explain release profiles. The best mucoadhesive performance and matrix controlled release was exhibited by the formulation R6. The formulation was found be right and suitable candidate for the formulation of Tramadol HCL mucoadhesive buccal patches for therapeutic use. Key words: Tramadol HCL, Chitosan, Mucoadhesive buccal patches, PVP K-30.

The family of Rutaceae contains extremely wide variety of aromatic plants, mainly in tropical regions. Among them the rich is the genus Ruta. It is now cultivated in many parts of the world. This plant is considered indigenous in South Europe and North Africa and it grows on waste stony ground. Rue (Ruta graveolens) has been used for centuries as a medical preparation and has a variety of roles, probably because of its varied chemical composition. This plant is commonly cultivated in India and is commonly called as sudab or sadab. In traditional system of medicine it is used as stimulant, emmenagogue, diuretic, abortefacient, and resolvent. Detailed and comparative studies from its traditional use especially with reference to Unani system of Medicine, to the modern scientific reports have been evaluated in this paper. Keywords: Sudab; Ruta graveolens; Unani system of Medicine; Flavonoid.

Biomarkers and surrogate endpoint largely replaced the clinical trials which are needed to be carried out before drug approval in regular approval process under FDA (Food and Drug Administration), a governing pharma regulatory body in USA and as a result approval process can be accelerated. It can be said that surrogate endpoint and biomarker are substituting the clinical trials and decrease the duration of product development phase as well as decrease the entry time period of novel products in the market. The article enlightens the extent to which the biomarkers and surrogate endpoint have benefited the pharma industry for expediting the entry of their products into the market at the earliest to get the maximum benefit of the product during the patent period. Simultaneously article also throws light on the history of risk factors of surrogate endpoint which are likely to jeopardize the interest of the human beings involved. It may conclude that Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints play pivotal role in accelerating approval process for drug approval in USA and the usage of these parameters to minimize the casualty of human lives who are suffering from serious life threatening diseases by providing recent research products which have caliber to cure or improving the quality of life. Key words: Clinical trial, Biomarker, Surrogate end point, Accelerated approval, Caliber to cure, Casualty of human lives.

It is well known that solid oral dosage forms, particularly tablets, are the most acceptable form of delivering medication. However, some new variations are beginning to emerge such as mini-tablets, which offer formulation flexibility. A multifunctional and multiple unit system for oral use are developed by filling versatile mini-tablets in a hard capsule. Multipulsatile DDS, site-specific DDS, zero-order DDS, slow/quick DDS, and quick/ slow DDS are designed in different ways and are investigated. Mini-tablets are small tablets with a diameter typically equal to or less than 3 mm that are typically filled into a capsule, or occasionally, further compressed into larger tablets. It is possible to incorporate many different mini-tablets, each one formulated individually and programmed to release drug at different sites within the gastrointestinal track, into one capsule. These combinations may include immediate release, delayed release, and/or controlled release mini-tablets. It is also possible to incorporate mini-tablets of different drugs to treat concurrent diseases or combinations of drugs to improve overall therapeutic outcome, while delivering distinct release rates of each according to disease requirements. Mini-tablets combine the advantages of multiparticulate dosage forms with the established manufacturing techniques of tableting. Additional benefits of mini-tablets include excellent size uniformity, regular shape and a smooth surface, thereby offering an excellent substrate for coating with modified release polymeric systems. From this, study it can be concluded that, granules-mini-tablets filled in HPMC capsule systems and coated mini-tablet-in-HPMC capsule system sulphate shows both sustained release as well as immediate release may improve the bioavailability and efficacy of any drugs. Keywords: Mini-tablets, immediate-release, delayed-release, controlled-release, multiparticulate dosage forms.

  The present study aimed at evaluating the in vitro antimicrobial activity of various extracts of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegata Linn. In the current study, the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extract of stem bark of B. variegata L. was tested against standard bacterial and fungal cultures. The test was performed by agar well diffusion method on nutrient agar media and Sabouraud’s dextrose media for bacterial and fungal cultures respectively. Among the solvent extracts, ethanolic extract was effective against all the tested bacteria and fungi. Ethanolic extract exhibited maximum inhibitory activity against Klebsiella. And the least activity was observed for Staphylococus aureus. For fungi ethanolic extract was more effective against Aspergillus fumigates. Key words: Antibacterial, Antifungal, Bauhinia variegata L.

  The study was aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Desmodium oojeinense(Roxb.) in experimental rats. Analgesic activity was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing method, while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model. Various doses of ethanolic extract of the plant (100, 200, 400 mg/kg body weight) were tested for its analgesic activity and anti-inflammatory activity and the results were compared with the standard drug aspirin and diclofenac sodium respectively. Results indicate that the ethanolic extract of the plant significantly inhibited writhing movements in analgesic activity and carrageenan induced hind paw oedema in anti-inflammatory activity in a dose dependent manner. The results suggest that there exists a potential benefit in utilizing Desmodium oojeinense(Roxb.) in treating conditions associated with pain and inflammation. Key Words: Desmodium oojeinense (Roxb.), analgesic, anti-inflammatory, carrageenan.

  The objective of the present study was to prepare and evaluate gastroretentive effervescent floating drug delivery system containing Zidovudine as a model drug. Zidovudine is the first approved compound for the treatment of AIDS; however the main limitation to therapeutic effectiveness of zidovudine is its dose-dependent toxicity, short biological half-life and poor bioavailability. Zidovudine gastroretentive effervescent floating tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were incorporated as gas-generating agents. Drug compatibility with excipients was checked by DSC and FTIR studies revealed that, there was no incompatibility of the drug with the excipients used. The results of in-vitro buoyancy time and lag time study, the values of in-vitro buoyancy time ranges from 180 to 870 min where as floating lag time ranges from 2.11 to 51.36 min. The formulations prepared with carbopol have longer floating lag times. The formulation GREFT-6 shows the lag time 2.11 min and buoyancy time 870 min. The release of Zidovudine from all the formulations ranges from 45.05 - 64.96 % drug released at the end of 6 hrs. The formulations GREFT-1 and GREFT-2 shows 90 % of drug release within 10 hrs. The formulations GREFT-3 to GREFT-7 shows drug release ranges from 86.17 - 96.65 % at the end of 12 hrs. The results were revealed that as the concentration of carbopol increases, there is decrease in the drug release and floating time has been increased. The formulation GREFT-6 containing Carbopol 934P 100 mg showed the controlled drug release when compare to other formulations. The stability study conducted as per the ICH guidelines and the formulations were found to be stable. From the above studies, it has been observed that effervescent based floating drug delivery system is a promising approach to achieve controlled release behavior. Key wards: Zidovudine, HPMC K4M, carbopol, floating tablets, effervescent.

  Liver plays a major role in detoxification. Any injury to it or impairment of its function may lead to many implications on one’s health. Management of liver diseases is still a challenge to modern medicine. The allopathic medicine has little to offer for the alleviation of hepatic ailments whereas the most important representatives are of phytoconstituents. The work presented in this paper is on plant mentioned as Kayakarpam plants in published as well as unpublished palm leaf literatures. The study was aimed to evaluation of the hepatoprotective activity of the whole plant Sida cordata on the Chang cell line (normal human liver cells). The ethanolic extract was tested for its inhibitory effect on chang cell Line. The percentage viability of the cell line was carried out. The cytotoxicity of Sida cordata on normal human liver cell was evaluated by the SRB assay [Sulphorhodamine B assay] and MTT assay [(3-(4, 5 dimethylthiazole –2 yl)-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay]. The principle involved is the cleavage of tetrazolium salt MTT into a blue coloured derivative by living cells which contains mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase However, the information available on the pharmacological activity of the plant is very limited. Hence, it was proposed to carry out a preliminary in vitro analysis of the hepato protective activity of the plant, which gave promising results.

  A simple, specific, accurate and precise First order derivative UV Spectrophptometry method was developed and validated for the estimation of Efavirenz in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The stock solution was prepared by weighing 100 mg of standard EFV in 100 ml volumetric flask with methanol and water (50:50) (Stock solution I). The final stock solution was made to produce 100µg/ml with methanol and water (50:50).Further dilutions were prepared as per procedure. The first derivative amplitude at 238.50 nm was selected for the assay. The linearity was found in the concentration range of 3-18 µg/ml. The Correlation coefficient was 0.999. The regression equation was found to be y = 0.038 x - 0.001. The method was validated for linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and ruggedness. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for estimation of EFV was found to be 0.078µg/ml and 0.236 µg/ml, respectively. Recovery of EFV was found to be in the range of 99.08-99.97 %. Proposed method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of EFV in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. These methods were tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of EFV in capsule formulations. This method was successfully applied to the pharmaceutical dosage form and there no interference of capsule excipients was found in recovery study. Key words: Efavirenz (EFV), ICH (International Conference on Harmonization), and UV- Spectrophotometric method.