Phytochemical

Screening of phytochemicals is a precious stair in the detection of bioactive principles present in particular medicinal plant and may lead to novel drug discovery. In the present study, Bacopa monnieri root extracts are tested for phytochemical and biochemical studies. Ethanolic extract shown good number of compounds compared to methanolic, ethyl acetate, aqueous and chloroform extracts. Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic tuber extract of Bacopa monnieri has shown the biological compounds like carbohydrates, cholesterol, Amino acids, Steroids, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Cardiac glycosides, Saponins, Tannins, Terpenoids, Phlobatinins, Fattyacids, Coumarins and Phenols. The result suggests that the phytochemicals present in Bacopa monnieri tuber extracts may show antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Achillea millefolium L. typically known as Yarrow is an interminable herb neighborhood to North America, Northern Asia, and Southern Europe. Plant Belongs to family Asteraceae, which have diverse restorative repairing properties for human life. A. millefolium contains dynamic constituents like are luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, artemetin, betonicine, stachydrine, trigonelline, palmitic destructive linoleic destructive, aspartic destructive, glutamic destructive, camphor, linalool, azulene, chamazulene, sabinene, achillin, 1,8-cineole and various others. The objective of this work was search the closeness of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, antraquinones, antraquinonic and cardiovascular glycosides in leaves of A. millefolium created at the "Horto de Plantas Medicinais e Tóxicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara-UNESP, São Paulo" through depiction reactions. In A. millefolium leaves the specific depiction reactions for alkaloids, antraquinonic and heart glycosides and antraquinones presented negative results. A bit of the depictions performed for flavonoids showed positive reactions. The closeness of thick and hydrolyzable tannins similarly as saponins was portrayed. Considering the delayed consequences of phytochemical screening, the antibacterial activity of the A. millefolium leaves separate was surveyed, yet showed negative results.

Emerging Multidrug-resistant problem is a major concern. Klebsiella sp. can lead to a wide range of disease causing pathogen namely  pneumonia, urinary tract infections, septicemia, meningitis, diarrhea and soft tissue infections and development of MDR against commonly used antibiotics making the case difficult to manage. Total 525 Clinical samples were screened for isolation of Klebsiella sp. Total 36 isolates belonging to Klebsiella sp. Were obtained. 29(8.06%) isolates were associated with urinary tract infection (UTI), 6(12%) with sputum and 1(1.54%) was associated with blood. Antibiogram study of these isolates revealed that all these isolates are resistant to several antibiotics out of 34 antibiotics tested. Cold and hot acacia leaf petroleum ether extract, cold and hot acacia leaf chloroform extract, cold and hot acacia leaf acetone extract, cold and hot acacia leaf methanol extract and cold and hot acacia leaf water extract were used for synergistic study. Qualitative phytochemical analysis these leaf extracts showed the prominent presence of alkaloids, Carbohydrates and glycosides, proteins and amino acids and phytosteroids. The studies on these extracts of Acacia polycantha and antibiotics on susceptibility of resistant Klebsiella isolates showed that both cold and hot solvent extracts are effective on antibiotics. The effectiveness shown by these extracts may be useful in evaluating the efficacy of combination therapy against MDR-Klebsiella sp.

Heterophragma adenophyllum is a traditional medicinal tree occurring in both tropical and sub tropical regions of the world and is important for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The physicochemical, phytochemical and antioxidant activity of total methanolic extract of leaves and bark of Heterophragma adenophyllumwere investigated. The total ash, water soluble, acid insoluble, alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive, moisture content and fluorescence property of Heterophragma adenophyllumleaf and barkpowder were evaluated. Phytochemical screenings of oven dried extracts were performed to check the presence of various phytoconstituents. The leaf methanolic oven dried extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic, flavonoids, anthraquinones, alkaloids and amino acids were as bark methanolic oven dried extract shows presence of phenolic, carbohydrats and flavenoids.  The capacity of antioxidant property of both the methanolic extract was evaluated by using DPPH and Superoxide anion radical scavenging assay. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were estimated to quantify the presence of phenolic content in extracts. The leaf total methanolic oven dried extract showed higher antioxidant activity compared to bark methanolic oven dried extract and thus, the outcome of the present study suggest that the therapeutic activities of leaf methanolic extract of heterophragma adenophyllumcan be attributed to its antioxidant property.

Volvariella volvaceae is an edible mushroom occurring in both tropical and sub tropical regions of the world and is important for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The physicochemical, phytochemical and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic lyophilized and oven dried extracts of Volvariella volvaceae were investigated. The total ash, water soluble, acid insoluble, alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive, moisture content and fluorescence property of Volvariella volvaceae powder were evaluated. Phytochemical screening of lyophilized and oven dried extracts of Volvariella volvaceae were performed to check the presence of various phytoconstituents. The lyophilized and the oven dried extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. The protein was present in lyophilized extract; while steroid were absent in both extracts. The capacity of antioxidant property of the extracts was evaluated by using DPPH and Superoxide anion radical scavenging assay. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were estimated to quantify the presence of phenolic content in extracts. The lyophilized extract showed higher antioxidant activity compared to oven dried extract and thus, the outcomes of the present study suggest that the therapeutic activities of Volvariella volvaceae can be attributed to its antioxidant property.

The aim of present study was to find out the herbal drug which has potential antihistaminic properties. The ethanolic extract of cuscuta reflexa Roxb was found quite useful in showing anti histaminic activities, when tested on experimental albino rats. The rats were divided into four groups of two animals each. Group I was served as control and received water with ad-libitum but not treated and sacrificed for the observation of mast cells which were found 15.50± 2% intact and 88.20±2 % disrupted. In the II group which was treated with ethanolic extract of Cuscuta reflexa, it was noticed that when the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight were given orally with water ,the disruption of mast cells were found 35.60±2 % disrupted and intact mast cells were found 64.40±2 %. In the III group dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, the disruption of mast cells were found 27.70±2 % and intact mast cells were found 72.30±2 %. The rats of group IV received 10mg/kg of prednisolone (reference drug) orally for 4 days.

The Present study was carried out to study the larvicidal efficacy of Aedes aegypti on ethanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root. The root extract of Hemidesmus indicus with different solvents were tested for their phytochemical constituents. The analysis revealed the presence of Steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and carbohydrates in most prominent amount. Larval mortality was observed and recorded after 24, 48, 72 hours exposure periods. All the tested extracts showed moderate to good larvicidal activities. However, the maximum larval mortality was in aqueous extract of Hemidesmus indicus root observed at 72 hours. The LC50 and LC90 values of  Hemidesmus indicus root against the 1st and 2nd , 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti LC50136.74,LC90 259.16 ppm and LC50 101.09, LC90 198.92 ppm respectively. These results revealed that larvicidal properties of Hemidesmus indicus root and encourages further effort to investigate the bioactive compounds in those extracts that might possess good larvicidal properties when it will be isolated in pure form.

Cassytha filiformis (Common name: love-vine, Vernacular name: Kothan) is a creeper plant in the family Lauraceae, traditionally used in treatment of several diseases (cancers, human birthing issues, hypertension, pains and fever). The present study was carried out to investigate the phytochemical profile of whole plant (except root) of Cassytha filiformis.L. The powder of the cassytha filiformis.L was successively extracted with acetone, aqueous, benzene, chloroform, cyclohexane, ethanol, ethyl acetate and methanol. Phytochemical analysis shows the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, amino acids, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, anthraquinone, anthocyanin, flavonoid, and alkaloid. The result of the study could be useful to description and foundation of monograph of the plant.

In the last two decades, antibiotic resistance has become a severe problem worldwide. Herbal antimicrobials have enormous potential as they can serve purpose with lesser side effects than synthetic antimicrobials. Weeds release different allelochemicals which can act as antimicrobials or herbicides. Leaves of two important Indian weeds viz. Heliotropium indicum L. (Boraginaceae) and Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae) were taken in this allelopathic and antimicrobial study.  Seed germination is considered to be the most significant stage especially under stress conditions and thus acts as an excellent model bioassay technique. Aqueous and ethanolic leaves extract of both plants progressively affected germination parameters of tested plants. But it affected seeds of Lactuca sativa more than those of Vigna mungo.  Lactuca sativa Germination % declined to 40%-52% in case of ethanolic extract of these weeds. Ethanolic extracts are more effective in inhibiting germination in both indicator plants. The weed extracts were very effective against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and fungus Aspergillus niger. Salmonella enterica is the most resistant strain tested against these extracts. Heliotropium indicum L. was found to have tannin, alkaloid, and saponin and glycoside in both types of extracts. Synedrella nodiflora L. contain phenols, alkaloids and flavonoids in both aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Terpenoids and tannin were found in ethanolic extract of Synedrella nodiflora. The present study concludes that both plants contain herbicidal and antimicrobial constituents. Further studies regarding the isolation and identification of these antimicrobial and herbicidal constituents are necessary.

In the last two decades, antibiotic resistance has become a severe problem worldwide. This has lead to the search for new, safe and effective antimicrobial agents from alternative natural resources like plant products. Different parts of Lawsonia inermis L. (Family: Lythraceae) like roots, bark, leaves, flowers and seeds are traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments.  Alkaloids, tannin, phenolics, saponin and anthraquinone are present in both types of extracts of leaves of Lawsonia inermis. Glycosides are present in ethanolic extract of leaves and seeds. Terpenoids and flavonoids are not found in leaves but present in seeds. The disc diffusion assay showed that the leaves and seeds of Henna plant have different degrees of bacterial and fungal growth inhibition, depending on the strains.  The aqueous extracts showed broadest antimicrobial activity by inhibiting more or less most of the microbial strains involved. Aqueous extract was more effective than their ethanolic extracts. Klebsiella pneumonie and Serratia  marcescens were the most resistant strains tested. It could be concluded that seeds and leaves of Lawsonia inermis have potential antimicrobial efficacy. All extracts (aqueous or ethanolic) have shown better antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger. Differential antimicrobial activity of plant parts against different bacteria might be due to concentration of different active phyto-compounds in different parts. Among those antimicrobial compounds, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and alkaloids are very important compounds in antimicrobial or antioxidant action.