Flavonoid

The present work on the leaves of Argyreia speciosa Sweet (Convolvulaceae) has led to the pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters. Macroscopical and microscopical characters, micrometry, physio-chemical constants, quantitative microscopy parameters, extractive values, carried out. The study also deals with the phytochemical screening of with various extracts. The total phenolic (TPC) and Total flavonoids contents (TFC) in leaves of Argyreia speciosa were studied with the aim of drawing the standards. The leaf is heart shaped upto 12.0-17.1-20.3 X 11.9-15.45-23.7 cm across, back with white shiny hairs on the lower surface, glabrous above, tomentose beneath and long stalked. Microscopically the leaves show cuticle, lignified xylem (3.48-5.10-7.43µ), phloem (1.45-2.85-4.25µ), starch grains, upper and lower epidermal cells were identified. Unicellular pointed tip trichomes are numerous and present on dorsal side abundantly. The palisade cells are rectangular in nature up to 10.32-13.41-16.50X1.93-2.77-3.57µ. The preliminary investigations showed that the moderate presence of terpenes, flavonoids, steroids, phenols and tannins. The TPC found to be, 173.55+0.017 mg (gallic acid equivalent/g) and TFC 134.07+0.123 mg (quercetin equivalent/g). In addition, total tannin content (TTC) determined by back titration with potassium permanganate and, was found as 087.00+0.17mg (tannin equivalent/g). In study TPC, TFC and TTC are significant and prove that, leaves are rich in estimated phytoconstituents and may have pharmacological importance.

Leaves of Xylosma longifolium, Hyptis suaveolens and Oreocnide integrifolia collected from the Imphal East District, Manipur were analysed for phytochemical constituents. Leave extracts were prepared with methanol by Soxhlet apparatus. Alkaloid, phenol, flavonoid, tannin, terpenoid, steroid, saponin and glycosides were detected in the three samples. Glycosides was absent in Xylosma longifolium and terpinoid in Oreocnide integrifolia. Steroid and saponin were also not found in Hyptis suaveolens. Total phenol, flavonoid and tannin contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu, Aluminium chloride and Folin-Denis method respectively. The total phenol contents in terms of gallic acid equivalent were 57.38±2.563 mg/g, 65.00±0.475 mg/g and 50.87±0.035  mg/g of dry wt;  total flavonoid contents in terms of quercetin equivalent were 36.70±0.676  mg/g,  49.24±0.521 mg/g and  32.78±1.753mg/g of dry wt.  and total tannin contents in terms of tannic acid equivalent  were  31.08±1.300 mg/g, 41.14±0.850 mg/g and 30.95±0.759 mg/g of dry wt. in the methanolicS leave extract of X.longifolium,  O.integrifolia and H.suaveolens  respectively .The order of total phenol , flavonoid and tennin contents of the samples were Oriocnide integrefolia> Xylosma longifolium >Hyptis suaveolens. It shows that Oriocnide integrefolia has the highest medicinal value than the two studied plants.  The present study evidence that these plants are of therapeutic potential as a good number of bioactive chemical compounds have been confirmed.

Cassytha filiformis (Common name: love-vine, Vernacular name: Kothan) is a creeper plant in the family Lauraceae, traditionally used in treatment of several diseases (cancers, human birthing issues, hypertension, pains and fever). The present study was carried out to investigate the phytochemical profile of whole plant (except root) of Cassytha filiformis.L. The powder of the cassytha filiformis.L was successively extracted with acetone, aqueous, benzene, chloroform, cyclohexane, ethanol, ethyl acetate and methanol. Phytochemical analysis shows the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, amino acids, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, anthraquinone, anthocyanin, flavonoid, and alkaloid. The result of the study could be useful to description and foundation of monograph of the plant.

The aim of the current study was to assess the antioxidant potential, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of crude extracts of Artabotrys crassifolius. The leaves and barks of Artabotrys crassifolius were extracted sequentially with hexane, chloroform and ethanol. The corresponding crude extracts obtained were then subjected to TPC, TFC, ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays. Among the extracts tested, ethanol extracts of barks and leaves showed promising radical scavenging activity which necessitates further isolation and characterisation of the bioactive compounds present in the respective extracts.

Barlaria buxifolia Linn is one of the medicinal plants well documented traditionally in Ayurveda system of medicine and is highly valued in modern medicine owing to the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, steroids. The plant is reported to contain phenol, flavonoid and tannin; phenolic and flavonoids compounds are reported to possess antioxidant and hence the plant may be used as organ protective. Keeping this in view, the plant was analysed for total phenol, flavonoid and tannin content. Catechol, quercetin and tannic acid reagents were used as standards for calibration of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins respectively. The quantification of total polyphenol, falvonoid and tannin content showed 14.65mg/gm catechol, 26.80mg/gm quercetin and 11.32mg/gm tannic acid equivalent respectively, the study indicates that the leaves of Barlaria buxifolia Linn exhibits the highest flavonoid, phenolic and tannin content. It can be used potentially as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidant. Key words: Catechol, Phenol, Flavonoid, Quercetin and Tannin, Barlaria buxifolia Linn

Oxidative stress caused by free radicals is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases.  In order to continue the other plants with potential benefits with free radical scavenging properties, researchers start looking forward for exploring new plants with rich in flavonoids and polyphenolics. These constituents possess not only free radical scavenging properties but also they are highly safe in the treatment of many diseases/disorders. In one of the field survey, it was identified that Sesbania grandiflora(Linn) was extensively used by folklore practitioner for treating many human ailments such as flatulent-colic, astringent, cooling, bitter, tonic, anthelmintic, febrifuge, dyspepsia, diarrhea and gastralgia, pain, nyctalopia, anaemia, emaciation. Even the plant is a rich source of antioxidants such as phenolics and flavonoids. However, scientific information about the plant and concentration of these constituents was not updated. Hence it was planned to undertake the plant of the present study for its spectrophotometric determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents from 70% alcoholic extract of flowers of Sesbania grandiflora using Catechol and Quercetin as reference standard. It was observed that, 70% alcoholic extract of flowers of Sesbania grandiflora(Linn) showed 64.0mg/G of total phenol equivalent to catechol and 28.80mg/G of flavonoidal content equivalent to quarcetin standard.  Hence it may be concluded that the plant many be potential source of antioxidant principles such as phenolic and flavonoid. Furthermore, the plants possessing these antioxidants can be highly beneficial for the treatment of many common human ailments. Key-Words: Catechol, Flavonoid, Phenolic, Quercetin, Sesbania grandiflora(Linn).