Ravi

Thiophene a five member heterocycles had been found with enormous biological activities with the suitable modifications in the structure. The present review is an attempt made to direct the attention of the researchers towards the thiopene ring for the development of newer chemical entities which are quite useful in the treatment of various life threatening diseases and disorders This review article covers the most active thiopene derivatives that have shown considerable biological actions such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory. This review also discusses the structure-activity relationship of the most potent compounds. It can act as an important tool for medicinal chemists to develop newer compounds possessing thiopene moiety that could be better agents in terms of efficacy and safety

The present study was made an attempt to optimize the growth parameters of the halobacteria for the mass scale production of carotenoids. The results suggested that, the pigmented KP2 showed maximum carotenoids production at 40ºC, 20% NaCl, pH 7, 1.5% sucrose, 1% beef extract, 1.5% manganese chloride and 1.5% proline. The KT2 showed maximum carotenoids production at 30ºC, 20% NaCl, pH 7, 0.5% glucose, 1.5% beef extract, 0.5% manganese chloride and 1% proline. Moreover, the KT3 showed maximum carotenoids production at 20ºC, 20% NaCl, pH 7, 1.5% sucrose, 0.5% beef extract, 1.5% copper sulphate and 0.5% proline. The identification of individual carotenoids was done by using thin layer chromatography through standard Rf value and the results suggested that, all the pigmented halobacteria contains three different carotenoids viz., bacterioruberin, mono-anhydrobacterioruberin and squalene. It is concluded from the present study that, the optimization of the microbial growth parameters of the halobacteria isolated from the saltpan of Kanyakumari district could be used for the mass scale production of pigmented carotenoids. 

Liver harm is most vital health issues or so a lot of than 900 medicines involved in case of liver injury. World health organization estimate that eightieth of total population used herbal drugs for some characteristic of primary health care while not any facet effects. Herbal medicine has emerged as a skilled approach with sensible values in handling various diseases, developing an affordable phytotherapy to treat severe liver diseases needs economical exploration of properties like antiviral action, antihepatotoxicity, stimulation of liver regeneration besides choleretic activity. The search used

In recent year there has been rapid increase in the standardization of selected medicinal plant of potential therapeutic significance. The rhizome of Curcuma longa reported to have good medicinal values in traditional system of medicines. The present study deals with pharmacognostic parameters for the rhizomes of Curcuma longa which mainly consist of Macromorphology, Physico-chemical constants and Phytochemical screening. This information will be used for further pharmacological and instrumental evaluation of the species and will assist in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification. Physicochemical parameters such as total ash value, acid insoluble ash value and water soluble ash value were determined which were 14.69, 1.20 and 4.12% w/w respectively. The alcohol soluble extractive and water soluble extractive were also determined. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of ethanol extract was carried out. The results were positive for steroids terpenoids, phenols, tannins and flavonoids. HPTLC analysis confirms the presence of Curcuminoids. These secondary metabolites were the active constituents of Curcuma longa Linn. that may be responsible for its pharmacological activities.

In this paper the authors proposed a simple, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) assay method for the determination of darifenacin in human plasma. This method employed solifenacin as an internal standard (IS). Analyte and the IS were extracted form 200 µL of human plasma using protein precipitation technique. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column by using a mixture of acetonitrile and 5mM ammonium formate in 0.01% formic acid (90:10, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The linearity of the method was established in the concentration range 0.05–20.5 ng/mL with r2 ³ 0.99. The intra–day and inter–day precision (%CV) and accuracy results in three validation batches across five concentration levels were well within the acceptance limits. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in humans under fasting condition with 15 mg darifenacin extended release tablet.

Nasal drug delivery is an excellent approach for avoiding first pass effect of oral dosage form. It offers a direct systemic delivery of drugs. Nasal administration can therefore be used as an alternative to oral administration for example tablets and capsules if a fast effect is desired or if the drug is extensively degraded in the gut or liver. The primary goal of this article is to study factors affecting nasal drug absorption and the in-vitro methods available for nasal absorption of drugs. There are many in-vitro models for testing absorption studies and it has many advantages over in-vivo methods such as a controlled environmental study of epithelial cell growth and differentiation, drug transport pathways and mechanisms are elucidated easily, it has very fast means of evaluating drug permeability and to minimize expensive use of animals. Cell culture and cell line models were found to be best for nasal in-vitro absorption studies. Similar results are obtained from in-vitro studies. So by using in-vitro methods one can mimic the in-vivo conditions. It avoids disadvantages of in-vivo study. It was concluded that in-vitro models mimics the results of in-vivo study. But up till now no any system is superior to one another. Keywords- In-vitro methods, nasal drug absorption, PDMS and Culture models.

Pharmaceutical cocrystals represents a class of Pharmaceutical materials with definite stoichiometries often stabilized by hydrogen bonding, which have recently emerged as interesting alternative solid forms with potential for improving the physical and biopharmaceutical properties of a drug substance. Pharmaceutical cocrystal is crystalline nonionic supramolecular complexes of two one being neutral molecules or an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and the other a cocrystal former. Cocrystal formation is studied in the development stage in order to solve an issue with solid form or formulation or to expand intellectual property. The review focuses on pharmaceutical cocrystals, cocrystal design, and methods of co crystallization, characterization, regulatory classification, cocrystals as intellectual property and some examples of candidate for preparation of cocrystals.

Quality by design is an essential part of the modern approach to pharmaceutical quality. Quality by design (QbD) is more scientific, risk based, holistic and proactive approach in pharmaceutical development for FDA and pharmaceutical industry in drug development. Quality by Design (QbD) is everything you do to directly to promote,  prove safety,  efficacy  and  quality  of your product from proof of concept to the point at which costumer are buying on regular basics.  This novel concept of QbD promotes industries in understanding product and manufacturing process starting with product development which aims basically building quality in product, not by testing it. A company needs to define desire product performance profile [Target product Profile (TPP), Target Product Quality Profile (TPQP)] and identify critical quality attributed (CQA) under this concept of QBD during designing and development of a product. On the basis of information obtained company can build consistent product quality by monitoring and updating its manufacturing processes. This systematic approach to product development and manufacturing has received a great deal from traditional approach. The purpose of present article is to discuss the concept of pharmaceutical Quality by Design (QbD) and describe how it can be help to ensure pharmaceutical quality.

Enhancement of the solubility, dissolution and bioavailability of the drugs is the challenging task for the research sector. As many of the solubility enhancement techniques are available to achieve the desired goal, but the older techniques don’t show the expected results for solubility enhancement and bioavailability as well, and they are unstable also some time.  But today the scenario is different because the novel techniques of solubility enhancement are available, such as hydrotropy, supercritical fluid process, sonocrystallisation, inclusion complex system, spray drying, microwave assisted techniques, etc. this novel techniques have the ability to give the reproducible results for solubility enhancement in pharmaceutical product development.  present review article deals with the different techniques for the solubility enhancement of the poorly soluble drug candidates.

In this study, a simple, sensitive and highly accurate ultraviolet spectrophotometric method has been developed and validated for determination of atenolol in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the measurement of the absorbance of atenolol solution in methanol: phosphate buffer pH 6.8 (10:90) at 224 nm in the wavelength range of 200 - 400 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 5-25 µg/mL. The slope, intercept and correlation coefficient were also calculated. Results of percentage recovery shows that the method was not affected by the presence of common excipients in tablets. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification which proves suitability of proposed method for routine estimation of atenolol in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.