Mohammed

Accelerated stability studies of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia belerica and Terminalia chebula have been carried out as per ICH guidelines and its effect on total polyphenol content as determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and Gallic acid content as determined by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was studied. The samples were kept in stability chamber at 40°C and 75% relative humidity for 3 months for accelerated stability studies. Samples were taken out at periodic intervals and extracted to determine total polyphenol content by spectrophotometric method and gallic acid content by HPLC. The HPLC method was also validated to demonstrate its selectivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The results indicate an increase in total polyphenolic content as well gallic acid content under accelerated stability conditions which is indicative of hydrolysis of gallotannic acids present in crude drugs to liberate free gallic acid, thereby increasing the total polyphenolic content.

Cardiovascular and other non-communicable diseases are currently responsible for two thirds of global mortality. Hypertension is a consistent and independent risk factor for cardiovascular and kidney diseases and stroke. The prevalence of hypertension has increased in urban communities as well as in rural people. There is a strong correlation between changing lifestyle factors and increase in hypertension. Accurate and decisive data about hypertension prevalence and its risk factors is essential for scheming strategies for its effective regulation and prevention. A Community based cross-sectional study was carried out in rural community to monitor prevalence, risk factors, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in rural population. A total of 627 subjects (males n=369 and females n=258) participated in the study (age > 18 years). The participant’s blood pressure was measured and they were asked to answer a pretested questionnaire. As per the JNC VII report, hypertension was defined. Analysis of data was done using chi square test. The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 49.12% (males: 57.18% and female: 37.50%). About 1/4th of the hypertensive population did not knew about their health status. 60-79 year age group had the highest prevalence of hypertension (49.02%). Bivariate analysis of data was indicative of significant relationship between hypertension with that of age, gender, literacy, body mass index (BMI), physical inactivity, and smoking and alcohol consumption. Hence the prevalence of hypertension was found to be highly prevalent in rural community. We also realized the importance of clinical pharmacist and other health care professional’s involvement in monitoring of health problems reporting possible drug related problems, measuring therapeutic compliance and counselling on lifestyle modification in rural populations.

Fucidin, a topical antibacterial agent indicated in the treatment of bacterial infections. It works by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis, specifically by preventing the translocation of the elongation factor G (EF-G) from the ribosome. The aim of the present study was to prepare topical gel by using gel forming polymers along with chitosan and to study the effect of the concentration of polymers, effect of alone Fucidin, combined effect of Aloe Vera with vitamin C on different gel parameters and wound healing activity. The gel formulations were prepared by soaking method using Carbopol 934p as gelling agent/gel base. IR spectroscopy studies suggested that the formulations prepared is a physical mixture and the drug is compatible with other excipients. The prepared gel formulations were evaluated for drug content, pH and rheological parameters like viscosity, spreadability and extrudability. The percentage release of Fucidin from plain gel was slow as compared to other drug loaded gel formulations. The formulation (F8) showed maximum percentage release (99.56%). All the gel formulations showed more than 80% reduction in wound contraction. The gel formulation containing Fucidin along with 1% chitosan and 1% sodium alginate showed 99.4% reduction in wound area after 12 days.

The present research has been undertaken with the aim to formulate and evaluate the low cost herbal gel containing Rubia cordifolia root extract. The gel formulation was designed by using ethanolic extract of Rubia cordifolia root in varied concentrations (750 mg, 1000 mg&1250 mg) and evaluated using physiological measurements. The gel was prepared by using various polymer bases (HPMC K4, HPMC K15, and Carbopol 934). Among them Carbopol 934 has given better gel formation. The gel was prepared by using Carbopol 934, Rubia cordifolia root extract, Propylene glycol 400, Methyl paraben, Propyl paraben and required amount of distilled water. Then skin pH (6.8-7) was maintained by drop wise addition of triethanolamine. The physiochemical parameters of formulations (pH, viscosity, spreadability etc.) were determined. Stability studies have carried out as per ICH guidelines for 3 months at different temperatures and humidity. The results showed that formulation containing 750 mg Rubia cordifolia root extract have better stability than other formulation. Further all formulations have studied for skin irritation on animal model (Rabbit) and result showed that there was no skin irritation to animals.

As obesity remains the center of concern from many decades but yet there is no exact treatment, mostly you have to prefer the surgical method such as gastric bypass, which remains the only therapeutic treatment and the anti-obesity pharmacotherapy remains very limited therefore the priority is to discover or develop more potent drugs. The only potential strategy is to achieve weight loss it can be done by either reducing energy intake or by stimulating anorexigenic signals or by blocking orexegenic signals and to increase energy expenditure. This can be achieved by stimulating the Oxm, peptide PYY, GLP, GLP-1 receptor, and fat cells derived hormone like Leptin and Obestatin these reduces obesity by reducing food intake as seen in mice and humans by stimulating satiety signals, and by regulating the glucose homeostasis, by secreting glucose dependent insulin.

The aim of the present study is to prepare Tinidazole microspheres by using different polymers. Microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation method by using various polymers. Formulation is optimized on the basis of acceptable microspheres properties and in-vitro release. In order to obtain best optimized product, 6 different formulations were developed. Different polymers like Eudragit S100, HPMC 6000 and HPC 1000 were taken as variables. Particle size analysis, Shape and Surface Morphology, Flow properties, Degree of swelling, Drug entrapment efficacy, Invitro drug release study were studied as response variables. The different physical properties showed best comparable results with drug. But higher percentage of drug release was observed when the formulation contained Eudragit S 1000 in 1:1 ratio(f3) compared to other formulations. The formulation contained Eudragit was selected as optimized product.

The aim of the present study is to enhance solubility of simvastatin by solid dispersion technique. Solid dispersions were prepared by fusion method by using various polymers. Formulation is optimized on the basis of acceptable solid dispersion properties and in-vitro release. In order to obtained best optimized product, 5 different formulations were developed. Different polymers like PEG 6000, HPMC 6000,HPC 1000 were taken as variables. Angle of repose, carr’s index, particle size, drug content and dissolution study were studied as response variables. The different physical properties showed best comparable results with drug. But higher percentage of drug release was observed when the formulation contained PEG6000 in 1:1.5 ratio (f5) compared to other formulations. Form this study it concluded that formulation (f5) which contained PEG (1:1.5) as polymer showed best dissolution profile compared to the drug. The formulation contained PEG 6000 was selected as optimized product.

A simple, accurate and sensitive RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form. The separation of the two drugs was achieved on a Reprospher 100 –C l 8 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size) with UV detection at 260 nm. The mobile phase consists of two solution, solution (1) orthophosphoric acid (pH 2.2) and the solution (2) which is acetonitrile and purified water in the ratio 55: 45 v/v, respectively. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation and robustness. Linearity was observed in the concentration range 10-70µg/ml for hydrochlorothiazide and 12.8 -89.6µg/ml for candesartan cilexetil. The limit of quantitation was found to be 8.58 and 4.6 µg/ml for hydrochlorothiazide and candesartan cilexetil, respectively whereas the limit of detection, was found to be 2.8 and 1.5 µg /ml for hydrochlorothiazide and candesartan cilexetil, respectively. The % recovery range of candesartan cilexetil was 97.84-101.62% and 100.9-101.53% for hydrochlorothiazide. Variation in HPLC conditions (flow rate, column temperature, mobile phase composition, and wavelength) were used to evaluate the robustness of the method. The method proved to be robust and still produces good results.

Metronidazole 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-yl) ethanol is a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative of antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity. It has different dosage forms. The stability of the Metronidazole intravenous of three different brands was studied in order to investigate the kinetics of photodegradation of this drug using a UV/ Vis spectroscopy. The degradation was carried out by the use of short (254 nm) and long UV (352 nm) lamps. The kinetics parameters of reaction order and the rate constants of the degradation were determined for the three brands products.  The degradation process was found to follow first-order kinetics. The present study also reveals that the drug is light-sensitive. Thus, appropriate light protection is recommended during the storage and handling of metronidazole products. The study highlighted the fact that there is a correlation between the radiation intensity and degradation of metronidazole (photodegradation), i.e. as the radiation energy becomes stronger, the degradation rates increases. Furthermore, the rate of degradation was found to follow pseudo-first order reaction. It was also found that as the exposure time of these drugs to radiation increased the degradation was amplified. For all three brands were used in the investigation, the average rate of degradation when using long UV irradiation, and short UV radiation as stress factors were found to be,-0.0061 day-1 and -0.026 day-1 respectively. The obtained results show that UV/vis spectroscopy is satisfactory technique at the determination of metronidazole degradation kinetics in e intravenous products.

The various methods of synthesizing pyrazole and bipyrazole moieties have always been a subject of interest for medicinal chemists. Primarily, the pyrazoles have been synthesized from diketones, hydrazones, acetylenes and more recently from chalcones. The bipyrazoles in turn have been derived from pyrazoles. The important methods of synthesis including the recent techniques have been reported in this review.