Mohammed

The emerging new fixed dose combination of Glipizide (GLZ) as sustained release and Telmisartan (TEL) as immediate release were formulated as a bilayer matrix tablet using guggul. Guggul used as a binding agent with three different concentrations (70%, 80%, and 90%; F1-F6) was used for the preparation of first layer of tablet containing glipizide. The conventional tablet of telmisartan was prepared as a second layer. Prepared bilayer tablets were studied for the in vitro release study carried out at pH 1.2 for first two hours and then at pH 6.8 for 6 hours using USP dissolution apparatus II (Basket). All the evaluation tests were found to be within the acceptance limits specified in Indian Pharmacopeia. The assay and dissolution study of tablets were done by HPLC which was developed and validated according to the ICH Q2 (B) guidelines. The contents of assay of the tablets were found to be 90.92% - 103.84% for F2-F5. The release of glipizide from the tablet was extended up to 8 h. Tablet containing 2.5 mg of glipizide with 80% of guggul release of drug after 8 h was found to be 82.36% and tablet containing 5 mg of glipizide with 90% guggul release of glipizide after 8 h was found to be 74.67%. The release pattern of each formulation (F2-F5) was fitted into the dissolution kinetics models and all the formulations were best fitted in the Higuchi model kinetic. From the results, we have concluded that the guggul act as a binding agent as well as rate retarding agent.

Nature is a treasure of many medicinal plants. Some of them are been explored for their medicinal properties and many are yet to be explored. Few plant and plant products possessing nutritional values also possess medicinal values. Zizyphus jujuba Mill commonly known as Jujuba Fruit, Unnab, Ber etc is one of such plant origin drug which is used as edible fruit for its nutritional values and simultaneously as a herbal medicine, since it also possesses medicinal properties as mentioned in the Unani literature.

Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Ricinus communis L.  (Euphorbiaceae), used to cure  lumbago and toothache, led to the isolation of acyl glycosides characterized as n-octadec-9-enoyl β-D-glucopyranoside (4), n- octadecanoyl-b-D-glucopyranoside (5), n -docosany1-β-D-gluco- pyranoside (6), n-hexadecanoyl β-D-glucuranopyranoside (7) and n-octadecanoyl- β- arabinopyranosyl – (2→1″) – β- arabinopyranoside (9), a trisaccharide β-D-glucuranopyranosyl-(2→1)-β-D-arabinopyranosyl-(2→1) -β-D-arabinopyranoside (8), a tetraglycoside β- D- glucopyranosyl- (2®1)- β - D- arabinopyranosyl-(2®1)-β- D- arabinopyranosyl - (2®1)- β -D-arabinopyranoside (10), a triterpenic glucoside α-amyrin β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and two steroidal glycosides viz., stigmasterol β-L-arabinopyranoside(2) and β-sitosterol β-D-glucopyranoside(3). The structures of all these glycosides, isolated from the roots for the first time,  have been characterized on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions.

In the present study, a series of N-[5-(phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl] benzamide and N-[5-(phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl] acetamide were prepared by refluxing with benzoyl chloride and acetyl chloride with 5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-amine. 5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-amine were prepared by oxidative cyclization of thiosemicarbazone (through condensation of aromatic aldehyde and thiosemicarbazide). The structure of new compounds prepared during present investigation have been authentically established by their IR,1H-NMR and Mass spectral studies. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of thiadiazole derivatives also reported. Some of these derivatives exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. Key words:  Thiosemicarbazone, Thiadiazole, antibacterial, antifungal.

  Amomum subulatum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) is a perennial herb grown in Sikkim, Darjeeling, Assam, Bhutan and Nepal. Its fruits are used to treat in digestion, vomiting, biliousness, abdominal pain, rectal, throat and lung diseases, inflammation of the eyelids and liver complaints. Hydrodistilled essential oil obtained from the fruits of A. subulatum grown in northeast region of Sikkim, was analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS techniques. The oil was consisted of 20 components including the major ones 1,8 cineole (65.39%), α-terpineol (10.15%), β-pinene (7.23%), α-pinene (4.06%), linalool oxide (3.23%), and limonene (2.53%).

  Cucumis melo Linn. (family cucurbitaceae) is extensively cultivated throughout India particularly in the hot and dry North-Western areas. Its fruit pulp, root, seeds and seed oil are used for medicinal purposes. In Unani medicine, the seed kernel is commonly used to treat various disease conditions. Seeds are having diuretic, lithontriptic, laxative, demulcent and refrigerant properties. There are many varieties of melon available and they also show great diversity in foliage. Hence, adultration is very common with this plant. Standardization provides a more reliable, effective and high-quality product by confirming the presence of plant constituents qualitatively and quantitatively. Hence, efforts have been made to standardize the seed to provide scientific data for identification, authentication and distinguishing the plant from its adulterants. The morphological, microscopic, physicochemical and chromatographic studies of Cucumis melo seed will be useful for quality control of this drug in formulations and would serve as a standard reference for further studies. Key words: Adultration, Cucumis melo, flavonoid, phenolic, standardization

  Trachyspermum ammi (L.) sprague fruits is commonly called Ajowan belongs to the family ‘Apiaceae’. It’s fruits yielded 2% to 4% brownish essential oil, with thymol as the major constituent (35% to 60%). It also contain monoterpenoids and reported some new constituents. The plant is used traditionally as a stimulant, carminative, flatulence, atonic dyspepsia, diarrhoea, abdominal tumours, abdominal pains, piles, and bronchial problems, lack of appetite, galactogogue, asthma and amenorrhoea. It possess various pharmacological activities like antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, cytotoxic activity, hypolipidaemic, antihypertensive, antispasmodic, broncho-dilating actions, antilithiasis, diuretic, abortifacient, antitussive, nematicidal, anthelmintic and antifilarial activity. This review deals with the evidence-based information regarding the pharmacological activity of Trachyspermum ammi. Key words: Trachyspermum ammi, Apiaceae, Ajowan fruits, constituents, pharmacological activities.

In the present study, a series of S-[5-(phenylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl] benzenecarbothioate and S-[5-(phenyl amino)- 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl] ethanethioate were prepared by refluxing benzoyl chloride and acetyl chloride in presence of potassium carbonate with 5-(phenyl amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol. 5-(Phenyl amino)-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole-2-thiol were prepared by cyclization of arylthiosemicarbazide with carbondisulphide. The structure of new compounds prepared during present investigation have been authentically established by their IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral studies. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of thiadiazole derivatives also reported. Some of these derivatives exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. Key words: thiadiazole, thiosemicarbazide, antibacterial, antifungal.  

Eye infections caused by pathogenic bacterial agents have an interesting social history, often with somewhat unsavoury associations. Corneal scrapings were obtained from 100 hospitalised patients from eye hospitals of Baghdad city, Iraq and inoculated directly onto enriched and differential culture media. Subcultures were performed on selective media. The necessary biochemical tests were conducted and the organisms identified using standard procedures. Susceptibility of isolated pathogens to commonly-used ocular antibacterial was examined using Kirby-Bauer’s standard disc diffusion technique. The results were showed that 38 different organisms from total 100 corneal scraping samples of suppurative keratitis were isolated. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 23(60.5%) and gram-negative bacteria for 15(39.4%). Staphylococcus aureus 11(28.9%), Strep. Pneumoniae 8(20.05%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6(15.7%), Staph. epidermidis 4(10.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 4(10.5%), E. coli 3(7.8%) and Moraxella catarrhalis 2(5.2%) were the most commonly-isolated organisms. In susceptibility testing, Gentamycin had significant effects against Gram positive bacteria which constituted the majority (82.5%) of isolates. Besides the coverage of this agent against Gram positive and negative organisms was also significant antibacterial activity that ranged from 50-100% sensitivity. Ofloxacin showed highly inhibition rate (75-100%) against all isolated pathogens except Moraxella catarrhalis (100%) resistance. Ampicillin coverage of against Moraxella catarrhalis 2(100%) and E. coli 2(66.6%). All the tested gram-positive cocci Staph. Species showed highly resistance to Chloramphenicol range from 90.9-100%. The coverage of Vancomycin against Staphy. aureus was 7(63.6%), Moraxella catarrhalis 2(100%), but all the isolates of E. coli  were resistant to Vancomycin. Susceptibility analysis revealed that antibiotic with the greatest coverage was Gentamycin (82.5 % of 38 isolates). Gentamycin also had good coverage against Gram-positive cocci, which constituted the majority (100 %) of suppurative keratitis isolates.

  In the present study, a series of substituted 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-N-phenylacetamide was prepared. The synthesis of titled compounds from starting material unsubstituted 2-mercapto benzimidazoles was prepared from o-phenylenediamine and carbon disulfide in presence of KOH in single step. 2-mercapto Benzimidazole on reacting with N-substituted-α-chloroacetanilides yield different derivatives of Benzimidazole. The structure of new compounds  prepared  during  present  investigation  have  been authentically established by their IR,1H NMR and Mass spectral studies. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of thiadiazole derivatives also reported. Some of these derivatives exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. Key words: 2-mercapto benzimidazoles, phenylacetamide, antibacterial, antifungal.