Mohammed

This observational, cross-sectional research was designed as community based cross-sectional study in the locality of Shendi, to assess the quality of drinking water and its health risk and impact and consequences to consumers. The study involved all the towns and the villages, the population, and their drinking water sources. System of proportional stratified sampling allocation was followed to select the sample from the water source and the community. Interview, Sanitary and medical surveys and Experimental field and laboratory works for chemical analysis of drinking water sources, was followed for data collection. A highly significant difference was found between the mean levels of turbidity and other physical and chemical parameters. The mean concentration of chloride as cl mg/l was found to be highly associated with ground sources. The electrical properties observable in deep groundwater can be related to the concentration of  ions and mineral salts as shown above and carbon dioxide dissolved in it. Both Nitrite as NO2 and Nitrate as NO3 found to be highest in the shallow wells. Highly significant difference of fluoride means was observed among the various types of drinking water sources. Subsurface shallow water, count the highest level of total dissolved solid (TDS) mg/l. The mean level of hardness mg/l was found high in the ground water. It was observed that the people, who were consuming water of high physical and chemical level in Shendi locality, were suffering more than others from infectious and chronic diseases. Based on the results discussion and conclusion of this study the following recommendations are proposed to help in an improvement sources of drinking water management and which likely to involve consumers in preparing and using safe water at the household level, which will facilitate the ultimate goal of providing all of the Shendi's population with community piped water that is accessible, safe and affordable

A simple and reliable high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed and validated for the study of fingerprint chromatograms of the hexane , chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of leaves of Hemigraphis colorata (blume) H.G. Hallier .HPTLC separation of the all extracts was performed and scanned  at ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm. A mobile phase composed of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid :methanol (3:6:1.6:0.4).The chromatogram obtained and the peak profile of the components collected by scanning could  made up the fingerprint of the  various  extracts from leaves of  Hemigraphis colorata and compared with antioxidants markers of flavonoids and phenolic acids. The fingerprint chromatograms had a good stability, precision, and reproducibility. The method is suitable for differentiation of extracts from the leaves of Hemigraphis colorata, and can be used as a quality control method for this plant.

The acceptance of remedies in any system of medicine depends upon their efficacy and non-toxicity. There were many reports of rejecting Indian herbal products in various countries because of higher levels of heavy metal content than permitted. Though few are regarded as essential, some heavy metals, especially cadmium, mercury and lead, are potentially hazardous due to their intrinsic or selective toxicity, particularly in environmental contexts. In view of the importance of herbal drug standardization, it was contemplated to carry out the heavy metal determination in papaya fruits(Carica papaya), grapes (Vitisvinifera) and Beta vulgaris (beet root) which were procured from local market. The metals like copper, iron, magnesium nickel, sodium, potassium, lead, chromium, zinc etc were estimated  in the hydroalcoholic extracts by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(AAS). Measurements were made using a hollow Electron Discharge Lamp (EDL).  These extracts were also subjected to general phytochemical screening. Its an alarming bell for humankind if the heavy metal content is more than permitted in common edible commodities. Further study may require understanding the factors influencing the heavy metal content in commonly used fruits and vegetables. Key words: Carica papaya, Vitisvinifera , Beta vulgaris, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, hollow Electron Discharge Lamp

Infections caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania are a major worldwide health problem with high morbidity and mortality in developing countries especially Sudan. The incidence of the disease has amplified since the emergence of AIDS. Since the discovery of the first drugs for Leishmaniasis treatment (i.e., pentavalent antimonials), up to now the search for substances with antileishmanial activity, without toxic effects, and able to overcome the emergence of drug-resistant strains still remains as the current goal. Moreover, in the absence of a vaccine there is a crucial need for effective drugs to replace/supplement those in current use. The plant kingdom is undeniably treasured as a source of new medicinal agents.   A thorough review of the literature on Sudanese plant extracts of natural origin either showing antileishmanial activity or expected to have, depending on the phytochemical screening is presented in this article. The review include 12 plants, their geographical distribution, the parts utilized, the type of extract, and the organism tested. The level of activity exhibited by the extracts depended largely on the type of solvent used for the extraction and the plant part used. Tannins demonstrated to be the key element of the antileishmanial properties and it is highlighted as potential source through the search for new Sudanese antileishmanial medicinal plants. The array of Sudanese medicinal plants that have demonstrated antileishmanial activity suggests that the hope to discover novel antileishmanial drugs is high.

Microbial enzymatic activities of α- Amylase and β- Galactosidase enzymes were measured  seasonally in marine water samples that were collected from two sites located at the south Levantine Sea basin of the Mediterranean Sea of Egypt, Port Fouad city in the east and Alexandria city in the west during four successive seasons from autumn 2014 to summer 2015. Determination of microbial enzymatic activities were carried out by determining reducing sugars using DNS reagent. This research provided a newly applied method for the determination of microbial enzymatic activities in natural open water system, the Mediterranean Sea. The applied methodology involved using marine water samples as the source of crude enzyme , eliminating the difficulties of extracting an enzyme from specific microorganism as well as avoiding the adjustment of aseptically required conditions for the inoculation and incubation of the desired microorganism in culture media tube under the laboratory conditions while providing almost natural conditions for the microbial community represented in water samples. The water samples were chemically analyzed to determine the effect of certain metal ions concentrations on the enzymatic activities of the microbial α- Amylase and β- Galactosidase enzymes. The results showed that though water samples were collected from the same marine source yet, spatial variations occurred between the two sampling sites and seasonal variations at the same sampling sites which were attributed to the naturally occurring environmental variations during the different seasons of the year.

WHO estimates that the number of people with diabetes has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. Self-esteem is becoming a crucial topic for physicians, given the assumption that high self-esteem positively correlates with patients’ adherence to management plan. We conducted this study to assess the self-esteem in T2DM patients and its relation to glycemic control, life-style habits and DM complication. This is a cross-sectional interview-based study that was conducted between September 2015 and July 2016 in Prince Mansour Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia. We included adult patients with T2D patients and excluded those with T1D, gestational diabetes and psychiatric illness. Self-esteem assessment was done using Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. A total of 101 patients with a mean age of 56.0 years, majority were females with long standing T2D, mean HbA1c was 8.6 %. Most of patients recorded a high score in Rosenberg self-esteem score with a mean score of 21.0. Only 4 out of the total 101 T2D patients have low self-esteem.Compared to those who are considered to have low self-esteem, those with normal self-esteem were younger (p 0.043), and were more likely to be female (p 0.244), have shorter T2D duration (p 0.423), obese (p 0.267), lower SBP (p 0.112), higher HbA1c (p 0.347), be physically active (p 0.892), and less likely to have microvascular complications (p > 0.05) and to report hypoglycemia (p 0.633).96% of the screened T2D patients have normal self-esteem and were significantly more likely to be younger. Those with normal self-esteem were non-significantly more likely to be female, shorter T2D duration, have higher BMI and HbA1c, and have lower hypoglycemic episodes and microvascular complications.

The main objective of the study is to formulate emtricitabine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in the treatment of Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV) infections as a niosomal formulation to improve the Central Nervous System (CNS) penetration of the drug and evaluate its CNS penetration using in vitro blood-brain barrier penetration study using immobilized artificial membrane phosphatidylcholine column chromatography. Emtricitabine encapsulated niosomes were prepared by thin layer evaporation (TLE)-paddle stirring method with Span 60 as main surfactant. Cholesterol (CHL), Solulan C24 (SOL) and N-palmitoyl glucosamine (NPG) were also included in the niosomal formulations. The ratio of Span 60:CHL:SOL:NPG was 50:40:10:10 with total concentration of components as 38 mM.  The hydration temperature was maintained at 65 0C. Sonication method was employed for size reduction of the niosomes. The formulation was evaluated for CNS penetration by in vitro blood-brain barrier penetration study using immobilized artificial membrane phosphatidylcholine column chromatography. The Scanning electron microscopic images showed good formation of the niosomal vesicles. The mean particle size and encapsulation efficiency were found to be 154±4 nm and 64.45±1.14% respectively. In vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration of emtricitabine from drug loaded NPG niosomes using immobilized artificial membrane phosphatidylcholine column chromatography showed an improved CNS penetration of the drug with (kIAM/MW4) X 1010 values of 2.79±0.05 at pH 5.5 and 8.48±0.18 at pH 7.0. The results showed an increased CNS penetration when the drug was encapsulated in niosomes and may be considered as a potential alternative to improve brain targeting of emtricitabine and thus minimize HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND).

Hypertension is the most important risk factor for cardio vascular disease. But, the key question remains: which of the many available types of blood pressure lowering drugs is the better choice as first line medication. Hence, the prospective, randomized, single blind , Comparative study was conducted  at tertiary care Hospital to  assess  the beneficial outcomes of drugs by comparative method. The study concludes that the physicians were prescribed the ACEIs for hypertension with various co morbidities as per JNC-7 guidelines. The study conclude that the A+E+N is the most effective combination therapy for better control of hypertension. The study indicates that the combination therapy can be individualized according to the presence of co morbidities  with  HTN.

corn silk tea on patients having kidney Stones  and its relationship with kidney stone elimination within 3 days  at Al -Najaf City. A quasi-experimental study design. Sociodemographic data were obtained on one hundred (100) patients having kidney stones (males and females) at kidney lithotrity Najaf center over two years period. Statistical methodology comprised Pearson X2  test, Likelihood Ratio, Correlation coefficient  and logistic regression analysis. A significant inverse relation was observed between patient's age (43-53) years and daily activity. Causes correlation among all the studied  items of patients with kidney stones were significantly correlated with (0.01) level (2-tailed) Pearson Correlation among patient's complain; patient's psychological data and patient's diagnosis. Causes correlation ship between patient's desired and response to share the herbal treatment and their knowledge  were high significant difference (HS), X2=200,  c.c. (0.707), P value (0.00001) HS. These data have shown that aged patients (males and females) a correlate of kidney stones is associated with old age (43-53) years and daily activity. This association seems to be largely explained by patient's (complain, psychological data and patient's diagnosis). The association between patient's desired and response to share the herbal treatment and their knowledge were high significant. Kidney stones has long been viewed as both an indicator of renal failure and as a stressful situation associated with high morbidity and mortality risks. Further analysis suggests to apply on kidney stone's patients in different communities and large population using the chicken's gizzard membrane and corn silk drink to be largely explained.

To evaluate the communicable disease control surveillance system to target disease of expanded program on immunization at primary Health Care Center, Health Care Sectors, and Health Directorate and to indicate the level of usefulness of surveillance system characteristics of simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, stability. descriptive evaluation study is conducted on primary health care centers, primary health sectors, health directorates in AL- Najafe Governorate from 25 March 2015 to 30 January 2016. A probability multistage sample of (22) subjects which is selected from communicable disease for target disease of surveillance system units. Data were collected throughout the utilization of the developed questionnaire and interview technique. Questionnaire has been divided into three main parts consist, form(A) especially for health directorate, form (B) for health sectors, and form (C) for primary health care centers  each form contains the basic components, structure; consists of manpower and materials and resources of surveillance system, process; consists of  system components, and, feedback, outcome; consists of attributes ( 217) items.. The study results indicate that the study results regarding to male that there is majority of them are males. In addition, the study results indicate that the health officers have less than 5 years of experience in PHCs, and health sectors; while they have more than 8 years of experience at health directorate, shortage distribution of staff from physician and others specials as being compared with standard staff WHO (2001). Most of study sample which find lack in materials and resources at primary health care centers and health care sector except health directorate. recommend reveal Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Further studies should be conducted to involve more governments in Iraq about the effectiveness of the surveillance system and to determine the factors that cause it is in affectivity. Apply the surveillance system as a unit in the faculty of nursing curriculums to increase the community health nurses' experience in area of surveillance system.  Also, regarding Ministry of Health of recommendation Used of community health nurses as a managers to manage the surveillance system to benefit from their experience in surveillance system and all the community and community health nursing duties.