diabetes

Recent advances in Sustained Release Drug delivery System (SRDDS) aim to enhance safety and efficacy of drug molecule by formulating a convenient dosage form for administration and to achieve better patient compliance. This present study showed that the Gliclazide is an oral hypoglycemic (anti-diabetic drug) and is classified as a sulfonylurea. Its classification has been ambiguous, as literature used it as both a first generation and second generation sulfonylurea. Gliclazide was shown to protect human pancreatic beta-cells from hypoglycemia-induced apoptosis. It was shown to have an anti-atherogenic effect (preventing accumulation of fat in arteries) in type II diabetes. Gliclazide is used in the tablet form for antidiabetic effect.

Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't make enough insulin. The major treatment approach for diabetes is the use of synthetic drugs and insulin. However the side effects associated with the use of synthetic agents attracts the attention of drug discovery professionals to search an effective treatment using natural products. Malaysian plants and herbs have been used as medicinal agents and studies have proved their significance in the treatment of diabetes.  As the fruits of Gnetum gnemon (family: Gnetacea) locally known as melinjo are traditionally used to control diabetes by Malaysian and Indonesian tribes, the present study was aimed to evaluate the folklore claim about G. gnemon fruits to treat diabetes. Hexane extract (GGHE), chloroform extract (GGCE), ethanol extract (GGEE) and water extract (GGWE) were obtained by successive extraction using soxhlet extractor. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out to perceive phytoconstituents in G. gnemon extracts. Diabetes was induced in albino rats by single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg b.wt. i.p.) followed by nicotinamide (120 mg/kg b.wt. i.p.). Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were separately treated with GGHE, GGCE, GGEE and GGWE at dose of 400 mg/kg b.wt. and standard drug, glibenclamide (10mg/kg) respectively by oral administration for 14 days and antidiabetic potential of the extracts were assessed. Prelimary phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds and tannins. Oral administration of diabetic rats exhibited significant (P

Flavonoids (polyphenols) do have their entire sort of insulin inception like action genetically on β- cells of islets of langerhans, and then decline blood glucose level to an optimum. Researches over few flavonoids like diosmin, fisetin, morin, hesperidin, naringenin etc., perceived to have insulin secreting and utilizing action in pancreatic cells and peripheral tissues glucose respectively. For this reason only, exploitation of these polyphenols in treating diabetes is highly beneficial, and it is rarely pronounced on its experimental front in recent times. Though vincristine (vincristine tablets) a natural alkaloid obtained from periwinkle plant has been contemporary, in place for treating Hodgkin’s lymphoma clinically, and found to be the most successful modern medicine. Similarly, may be flavonoids do have a very huge potential, for treating diabetes clinically with therapeutic significance, if the area of interest of flavonoids focused on diabetic management. At the same time as, fundamental research performed on these flavonoids suggests that, the flavonoids mechanisms of action are manifold. Typically mechanisms of flavonoids on glucose metabolisms are insulin uptake in skeletal muscles, regulating rate-limiting enzymes in carbohydrate metabolic pathways, insulin mimetic and secretagogue action. Hence, in this hypothesis we suggest that, managing diabetes and its complications with one or more flavonoids as a novel dosage form, having various facets of glucose metabolism regulation with regards to insulin secretion, mimic and utilization, as it would be a novel approach in treating diabetes.

This study explored the effect of bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica Linn in management of diabetic neuropathy in experimental animals. Adult Wistar rats (either sex; 250-275 g) were injected with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg; i.p.) to induce diabetes. Methanol extract of bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica was administered in 3 doses (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg; p.o.) to rats for 28 successive days daily after 4 weeks of STZ administration. After 8 weeks, the neuropathic activity was evaluated using Open field test, Tail Flick test, Cold Allodynia and Formalin test. Afterwards, sciatic nerve was used for TBARS, GSH, Nitrite, Catalase and protein estimations. STZ induced diabetic neuropathy caused decrease in tail-flick latency time in radiant heat test and decreased allodynic response in tail-immersion (cold water) test. STZ caused increase in blood glucose, Glycosylated Haemoglobin and blood Cholesterol levels. Furthermore, activity of endogenous antioxidants like GSH and catalase significantly decreased; however, TBARS and nitrite levels were increased. Administration of MEHA for 28 days prevented the development of diabetic neuropathy as evident from reversed (p< 0.05) cold allodynia and tail flick latency (p< 0.05) as compared to diabetic control group. Glycosylated haemoglobin and cholesterol levels were significantly decreased (p< 0.05) in rats as compared to diabetic control group. MEHA treated rats showed significant decreased TBARS and nitrite levels and increased GSH and Catalase level. Thus, Holarrhena antidysenterica not only improved the diabetic condition but also reversed neuropathic pain through modulation of oxidative–nitrosative stress.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is an intermediary enzyme in various cellular pathways, and has been implicated in the Pathophysiology and treatment of numerous diseases, including Alzheimer, diabetes, and bipolar disorder. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a disorder without a molecular marker in peripheral tissues or a disease modifying treatment. Evidence suggest that the co-relation of diabetes and Alzheimer is clear with the GSK-3. Now day’s researchers taking efforts basically to develop the new GSK-3 inhibitors like lithium. For the development of new GSK-3 inhibitors, we have to understand its molecular mechanism and their involvement in pathological condition. So here we summarize brief introduction and mechanism of GSK-3.

Insulin is the most effective glucose-lowering agent, which stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscles, myocardium, and other tissues in order to control glucose homeostasis. Is usually administered to diabetic patients through subcutaneous injection. However, the problems encountered with subcutaneous insulin injections are pain, allergic reactions, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin lipodystrophy around the injection site. Insulin if administered via the oral route will help eliminate the pain caused by injection, psychological barriers associated with multiple daily injections such as needle anxiety and possible infections. In addition, oral insulin is beneficial because it is conveyed directly to the liver, its primary site of action, via the portal circulation, a mechanism complimentary to endogenous insulin; subcutaneous insulin treatment however does not replicate the normal dynamics of endogenous insulin release, resulting in a failure to achieve a lasting glycemic control in patients. Insulin in its present form cannot be administered through oral route. Scientists have been trying hard to design an oral delivery system for insulin by applying several approaches.

The plant based antidiabetic remedies are gaining popularity throughout the world. There is large number of medicinal plants which are traditionally used for the management of diabetes. These plants need detailed investigation for the quality and quantity of the concerned chemical compounds. The present review has highlighted 81 plant species belonging to 12 families and 68 genera. Amongst the various plant parts of these species, leaves have been utilized in almost 50% of the total medical preparations. Other plant parts also have their utility in antidiabetic formulations. This information is useful for the herbal practitioners, biomedical researchers and pharmaceutical industries.

This study evaluates antihyperglycemic and lipid lowering activity of Caralluma fimbriata in dexamethasone induced diabetic rats. Serum glucose and lipid lowering activity of Caralluma fimbriata was tested at dose of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg per oral route against dexamethasone induced hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in Spraugue-Dawley (SD) rats. On day 11, blood was collected for the estimation of serum glucose and lipids. Caralluma fimbrita in both the doses significantly decreased Serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL as compared to dexamethasone only group (P