Antibacterial

The intension of present work is to incorporate economically cheap, easily available but effective herbal ingredient in personal hygiene products. Leaves of species Psidium Guajava belonging to familyMyrtaceae(Guava) have many properties like antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant etc. The leaf extract of guava has traditionally been used for its health benefits. Toothpaste is a dentifrice used clean, maintain and improve the health of teeth. Toothpaste is mainly used to promote oral cleanliness and also acts as an abrasive that helps to prevent dental plaque and food particles from the teeth. The main aim of this investigation is to incorporate the herbal ingredient to that toothpaste that can effectively cleanse oral bacteria. Guava leaves were obtained from domestic garden. Guava leaves were washed with distilled water and shade dried for three days and then powdered for extraction. Guava leaf extraction was performed by Soxhlet apparatus with 70% ethanol for its antibacterial activity. This extract was used as principle ingredient for herbal toothpaste. Toothpaste formulation performed at laboratory level. The formulation was subjected to various evaluation tests like pH, spreadability, foaming ability, moisture content and zone of inhibition. All the results of evaluation tests found within the limits. For getting antibacterial property extraction is done against ethanol and agar well diffusion method used to identify its antibacterial activity shown by guava leaf extract on Escherchia coli, staphylococcus aureus depends on saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Even the extract can be used directly for treatment of inflamed gum. Pentacyclictri-terpenoidguajanoic acid is main constituent of guava leaf extract.

The use of heterocyclic compounds in field of medicinal chemistry is increasing day by day due to various reasons like heterocyclic compounds are included in the structure of many biochemical materials, which are essential for life. Nucleic acid, many naturally occurring pigments like chlorophyll, vitamins and antibiotics contains heterocyclic nucleus. Modern society is also dependent on synthetic heterocycles for use as drugs, pesticides and dyes. The work embodied in this article relates to benzimidazole as it is a versatile heterocycle which exhibit broad range of biological activities. Benzimidazoles (known as o-phenylenediamine derivatives) are mostly synthesized from o-phenylenediamines. This ring system is present in numerous anti-protozoal, anti-helmintics, anti-HIV, anti-convulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, and anti-ulcer agents. Several benzimidazoles such as albendazole, mebendazole, flubendazole, fenbendazole, omeprazole, lansoprazole, and clofazone are used in therapy. In this review, various antimicrobial benzimidazoles were summarized & reported. In addition this review highlights the antimicrobialpotency of benzimidazole to medicinal world.

Butea monosperma and Butea superba belonging to the family, Fabaceae are most exploited medicinal plants by different tribal groups of Jharkhand. They are commonly found in the hills and jungles of Jharkhand and are used against arthritis, osteoarthritis, diarrhoea, dysentery, snakebite, male sexual debilities, sunstroke, leucorrhoea, anthelmintic and filariasis. Ethanolic exacts of the barks and flowers of both the plants did not exhibit significant antibacterial and antifungal activities. Phytochemical analyses revealed a total of 14 bioactive compounds from the barks and flowers of B. monosperma and B. superba.  Successful management of several diseases among the ethnic groups of Jharkhand, is indicative of presence of curative drugs without toxicity and side effects, and it could further the isolation and purification of active compounds contained in them.

The present study was aimed to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of aqueous, methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether and acetone extract of canthium coromandelicum using disc diffusion method. The antibacterial activity was detected against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus ceresu, Staphylococus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Different solvent extracts of canthium coromandelicum was taken in 100,150,200 and 250 μl/ml. The zones of inhibitions obtained were recorded and analyzed against standard controls, Streptomycin and Amphotericin. The methanolic extract of canthium coromandelicum was showed highest antibacterial activity than ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The higher concentration of methanolic leaves extract of canthium coromandelicum plant, maximum antibacterial activity was observed against to Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria and antifungal activity against to Candida lbicans,  Aspergillus niger. The results indicate that canthium coromandelicum leaves also has potent antibacterial  and antifungal activity.  

Present study circumspects synthesis of some 2, 4, 5-triaryl substituted analogues of imidazole and their spectral characterization by means of IR and 1H NMR. The compounds were screened for antibacterial activity against standard strains of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Results obtained establishes compounds IM3 and IM4 to be significantly responsive against different bacterial strains and as such these compounds can pave the way for development of potent antibacterial agents.

Two series of substituted phenothiazine derivatives were synthesized in order to obtain better antimicrobial agents.  The titled compounds 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f and 3g, 3h, 3i, 3j were obtained by using o-chlorobenzoic acid and m-dichlorobenzene as starting material respectively. These compounds were synthesized according to Ullmann and Mannich base reaction. The structures of all these compounds were confirmed by spectral analysis. The titled compounds were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Except 3e all compounds have shown good antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. However, all these compounds have shown good antifungal activity against A. niger. The compound 3g has shown greater antifungal activity than the standard.

A novel series of eleven novel 4-(2, 3-dihydro-4H-1,4-benzoxazin-4-yl)-3-fluoroaniline derivatives (I e – I o) have been synthesized from commercially available 2-aminophenol as a starting material. High yield and high purity indicates lack of side reaction and by product. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by means of 1HNMR and mass spectral data. The synthesized compounds were then examined for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some of them were found to possess good antibacterial and antifungal activity.

An efficient and convenient multi component reaction for the synthesis of 2-Imino-4,6-diaryldihydropyrimidines scaffolds have been accomplished from chalcones and guanidine hydrochloride in the presence of a catalytic amount of an alkali under solvent-free conditions using microwave irradiation.  The synthesized pyrimidines have been characterized on the basis of their chemical properties and spectroscopic data.  Operational simplicity, short reaction times, excellent yields and environmentally-benign conditions are the other advantages of this protocol. Using this method, we have synthesized some new pyrimidines with antimicrobial properties and high chemical yields in much short reaction times.

A well developed and validated RP – HPLC method by UV- detection was used for the determination of Gatifloxacin in human plasma with metronidazole as internal standard. Solid phase extraction was involved in the process. The drug and the internal standard were eluted under isocratic mode using a 150 X 4.6 mm i.d, 5 µm Phenomenex ODS 2 C18 column. The mobile phase composed of a mixture of 5:95 % v/v methanol and 20mM mixed phosphate buffer (pH 3.5± 0.05) at a flow rate of 1.4 mL/Minute. The detection wave length of the detector was 268 nm. A volume of  50 µL was injected and the runtime of the method was 9 minutes. The method showed good linearity in the range of  50.1 to 7000.9 ng/mL. The recovery of gatifloxacin was 92.42 % with a standard deviation of 1.533 and recovery of internal standard was 87.6 %. The LOD of Gatifloxacin was 50.1 ng/mL. Matrix effects were not observed.

A new class of heterocyclic compounds 1,3,4-thiadiazolo[3,2-a]-s-triazine have been synthesized as schiff’s base of 1,3,4- thiadiazole mix with ammonium acetate and various aromatic aldehyde treated in MW irradiation at 480 W. Reaction is based on microwave mediate multi-component reaction (MCRs). The structures of these compounds have been elucidated by spectral (IR, NMR & Mass) analysis. The title compounds were then evaluated for their in-vitro microbial activity against 2 gram –Ve bacteria (E.coli, K. pneumoniae), 2 gram +Ve bacteria (S.aerues, B.subtilis) and 1 fungal specie (A.niger). The some newly synthesized compounds have shown promising antimicrobial activity.