Rahul

Ethosomes are advanced and modified form of liposomes, which are applied as carriers for transdermal drug delivery. These are developed by Professor Elka Touitou from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, to enhance the drug administration of amphiphilic drugs. These are soft and flexible lipid vesicles having phospholipids, water, and alcohol in high concentrations about to 20-45% approximately. Ethosomes are easy to prepare through different common methods named as thin film hydration method, cold method, hot method and injection method. These provide enhanced permeation of drugs, highly drug loading capacity, better control over drug release, non-parenteral drug delivery having ability to encapsulate diverse molecular spectrum range. Another key advantage of ethosomes is that they provide excellent patient compliance since these are able to apply as semi-solid formulations, such as gel or cream. The evaluation criteria, such as vesicle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, In-vitro permeation studies and In-vivo permeation studies, support their effectiveness in targeted drug delivery. Ethosomes demonstrated positive results and the capability to enhance the distribution of amphiphilic drug molecules. This article provides a comprehensive review of ethosomes including their distinctive properties, composition, methods of preparation, physicochemical properties, methods of penetration and the areas of their application in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries. The article examines objectives of ethosomal research as one way of achieving the goal of developing non-invasive drug delivery systems and reports on recent advancements, issues and future prospects. They also put sufficient evidence of the effectiveness of ethosomal therapy in being viable nanocarriers for drug delivery. 

The goal of the current work is to use the wet granulation technology to make medication tablets using fenugreek extract. Additionally, research was done on the impact of sodium starch glycolate, a super disintegrant, on drug release and disintegration. Mucilage found in fenugreek extract slows down the disintegration of tablets, resulting in a slower release of the medication. Therefore, sodium starch glycolate was employed as a super disintegrant to enhance disintegration and, consequently, in vitro drug release. Wet granulation was used to make tablet formulations both with and without sodium starch glycolate. It was done to evaluate the granules' flow characteristics and characterize the physicochemical makeup of tablet formulations. The fundamental cause of fenugreek's antidiabetic effect is the alkaloid trigonelline, which is present in large amounts. For the treatment of diabetes, this study concludes that fenugreek seed extracts in tablet form with super disintegrants will be more desirable, useful, and therapeutically more effective than combining the plant components directly for a quicker commencement of action.

The present research is focused on development of mouth dissolving tablet of Lornoxicam using novel superdisintegrants from natural resources. The research is carried out to potentiate the use of natural excipients instead of synthetic ones. Lornoxicam B cyclodextrin complex is formed as it increases the solubility of drug and to mask the taste of drug while having many advantages such as improve dissolution, and bioavailability. Tablets were prepared using natural superdisintegrants like gum karaya, Plantago ovata husk. and synthetic superdisintegrants like Crospovidone, Kyron T-314, Croscarmellose Sodium. Tablet containing 6 % of gum karaya shows better results over the formulation containing synthetic or other natural superdisintegrants like Plantago ovata husk. The formulated tablet melts in mouth within fraction of seconds with promising release of drug. The present study demonstrated potentials for rapid absorption, improved bioavailability, effective therapy, acceptable taste and patient compliance. The accelerated stability study of batch (F2) revealed that no significant change in physical properties and could be considered as stable formulation even after 3 months.

The stability of drug product or a drug substance is a critical parameter which may affect purity, potency and safety. The stability indicating method is that employed for the analysis of stability samples in pharmaceutical industry. Forced degradation studies show the chemical behavior of the molecule which in turn helps in the development of formulation and package. Forced degradation is a degradation of new drug substance and drug product at conditions more severe than accelerated condition. Thus, this review discuss the current trends in performance of stability indicating method to force degradation by providing strategy for conducting studies on degradation mechanism Stability testing by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been performed of cilinidipine and olmesartan. All the drugs were separated. The retention time of cilinidipine and olmesartan was founded respectively. Ranges of 50 -300μg/ml for cilinidipine and 25 – 150 μg/ml for Olmesartan. Keyword: Olmesartan, Cilnidipine, RP-HPLC.

Nanorobots are considered to be the next generation of Nanomachine which deals with design and construction of devices at an atomic, molecules or cellular level. These hypothetical Nanorobots will be extremely small and would transverse inside the human blood. In 2015 there were 11,48,692 cases of cancer in India. The present methods for the treatment of cancer are not that effective as 99% of chemotherapy drugs do not reach the cancer cells. However, Nanorobots which are roughly 100 times smaller than human tissues could do this and hence creates a huge area for exploration in the field of biomedical research. As scientists predict in coming years cancer will be a chronic but manageable disease. Especially in the treatment of cancer, Cerebral Aneurysm, kidney stones removal, also to remove the defected part in our DNA structure and some other treatments that have the greatest aid to save human lives. This paper guides to the recent research on Nanorobots in the biomedical applications. Treatment possibilities might include the application of nanotechnology to local anesthesia, dentition denaturalization, the permanent cure for hypersensitivity, complete orthodontic realignment in a single visit, covalently bonded diamondized enamel, and continuous oral health maintenance using mechanical dentifrobots. Nanorobots can offer a number of advantages in drug delivery over present methods. In addition, the current study also involves the future aspects of Nanorobots.

The objective of the present research work was to simultaneously separate the anti-hypertensive agents, Amlodipine and Valsartan and develop a validated analytical method for simultaneous quantitative determination of amlodipine and valsartan in tablet dosage form. A simple, rapid, precise and selective chromatographic method was developed and validated for separation and determination amlodipine and valsartan in tablet preparations. The anti-hypertensive agents were analyzed by Symmetry C18, (150 × 3.4 mm, 5 µ), Shimadzu LC-2010CHT Prominence Liquid Chromatograph and a mobile phase constituted of 10 mM Buffer (pH 3.0): methanol (50:50, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the analysis were performed using UV- Vis detector at 237nm. The anti-hypertensive agents, Amlodipine and Valsartan were separated within 10 min. Amlodipine and Valsartan showed retention time of 5.06 and 8.28 min respectively. The drugs were found to obey Beer’s law in the concentration range of 100 ppm of amlodipine and 128 ppm of valsartan. The developed assay method is selective, precise and accurate. The method has been successfully applied for determination of Amlodipine and Valsartan in pharmaceutical combination tablet dosage form. This developed method is sensitive, fast and simple with excellent peak symmetry and high resolution.

For determination of ticagrelor, a high performance stability indicating liquid chromatographic method was developed, validated and optimized for the determination of quality in any quality control laboratory. The drug was subjected to stress alkaline, acidic, oxidative, thermal, Neutral and photo-degradation and was found to hydrolyze in acidic, alkaline conditions as well as under oxidative stress. Ticagrelor with the interferents are separated on a reversed phase Cosmosil (R) 5C8-MS (5 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 id) column using acetonitrile: 35 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 3.8) in the ratio of 40:60 as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml min-1. The drug was detected at 254 nm over a concentration range of 5–140 μg ml−1 with mean percentage recovery 100.08% using a PDA detector. The method was validated and a 32 factorial was employed by using Box–Behnken experimental design for the validation of robustness. These designs have three factors such as mobile phase composition, flow rate and pH while peak area and retention time were taken as a response. This showed that little changes in the mobile phase and flow rate affect the response while pH has no effect. The compilation of precision result shows % RSD for system precision, and method precision is 0.4. The developed method was found to be precise, accurate, linear, robust and rugged. This method was successfully applied for the assay of commercially market tablet formulation; hence it can be adopted for the determination of quality in any quality control laboratory.

The chemistry of metal complexes has fascinated and inspired the chemist all over the world. Among the chelating ligand, Schiff base have attracted the attention of the chemist due to the ease of the preparation and complexation. Schiff base complexes have remained an important and popular area of research due to their simple synthesis versatility and diverse range of applications. Schiff bases are able to stabilize many different metals in various oxidation states. In the present study the Schiff base of 1-(5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl) ethanone with 4-(2-aminoethyl)phenol has been synthesized. The complexes of this Schiff base ligand have been synthesized by using Mn(II),  Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions under refluxed in ethanol. These compounds have been investigated by elemental analysis, infra-red, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, diffuse reflectance spectroscopic techniques and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The free ligand and their metal complexes have been screened in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, gram negative bacteria, E. coli, S. typhi and fungi P. notatum and R. oligosporus.

A simple, sensitive, rapid and selective isocratic reversed phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for  Zopiclone from bulk drug using a mobile phase consisting mixture of Acetonitrile : Buffer (pH 2.8) (80:20v/v)  Composition of buffer: (0.272gm in 200ml HPLC water  and pH adjusted to 2.8 using  ortho Phosphoric acid)  at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. A Cosmosil C18 (250 cm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column was used as stationary phase. The retention time of Zopiclone found to be 2.19 min. The eluent were detected at 303 nm. Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 50-250 ppm for Zopiclone. Percent recoveries obtained for Zopiclone were 98.66%. The correlation coefficient for Zopiclone was found to be 0.998. After performing analysis by different analysts, it was found that the RP-HPLC method for the determination of Zopiclone was found to be Rugged. Percent RSD for robustness was well within the acceptable USP limits, ensuring that the proposed method was robust. The LOD were 0.22 µg/ml Zopiclone,. For Zopiclone, the LOQ were found to be 0.86 µg/ml. This demonstrated that the developed RP-HPLC method was simple, linear, precise, accurate, robust, and Rugged, could be conveniently adopted for the routine quality control analysis of Zopiclone.

The biodiesel is quite similar to conventional diesel fuel in its physical characteristics and can be used alone or mixed in any ratio with petroleum based diesel fuel in most existing modern four-stroke combustion ignition diesel engines with very few technical adjustments or no modification. Biodiesel as a neat can be used as a direct substitute for petro diesel and is technically called B100.The reaction is catalyzed by NaOH making this process economically viable for the industrial scale production of biodiesel. Biodiesel is an excellent product as it is environmentally friendly. Chromatogram GC-MS analysis showed 12 peaks were detected as methyl esters of fatty acids in Biodiesel coconut oil but there is only one a prominent peak that has great intensity.