Rahul

As obesity remains the center of concern from many decades but yet there is no exact treatment, mostly you have to prefer the surgical method such as gastric bypass, which remains the only therapeutic treatment and the anti-obesity pharmacotherapy remains very limited therefore the priority is to discover or develop more potent drugs. The only potential strategy is to achieve weight loss it can be done by either reducing energy intake or by stimulating anorexigenic signals or by blocking orexegenic signals and to increase energy expenditure. This can be achieved by stimulating the Oxm, peptide PYY, GLP, GLP-1 receptor, and fat cells derived hormone like Leptin and Obestatin these reduces obesity by reducing food intake as seen in mice and humans by stimulating satiety signals, and by regulating the glucose homeostasis, by secreting glucose dependent insulin.

The aim of the study was to assess Pharmacognestic study of crude plant extract of Rivea hypocrateriformis and was carried out to characterize the chemical composition of some constituents by GC-MS analysis. Different solvent extracts (aqueous, methanolic, chloroform, ethyl acetate and DMSO) of plant R. hypocrateriformis leaves were assessed for in vitro antimicrobial activity assay by disc diffusion method furthermore antioxidant assay was carried out DPPH free radical scavenging activity, Phytochemical screening was carried out by ‘guide to modern techniques of plant analysis” and GC-MS analyses were performed to identify the constituents present in the plant that stand behind such activities. Due to higher polarity, DMSO extract show revealed presence of maximum phytochemical composition susceptibility as well as methanol and chloroform shows average amount of phytoconstituents. The antibacterial screening is the major of the inhibition hollow observed in inhibition zone. The highest inhibition zone was observed in DMSO extract against each bacterial strain. Where E. coli shows mid active zone inhibition and S. aureus show less, IC50 value of the sample was found to be moderate as compared to standard and the eight compounds were identified in R. hypocrateriformis leaf extract by GCMS analysis. R. hypocrateriformis plant had considerable major chemical composition present in crude extract. Due to presence of major chemical components make it seems to be important for medical purposes and plant contains Potential antibacterial components that may be useful for evolution of pharmaceutical for the therapy of ailments. Also plant extracts can be used for the treatment of infections caused by the strains of the test bacterial organisms.

Electroporation is novel delivery system and Electrochemotherapy(ECT) is a novel treatment which consists of a combination of a chemotherapeutic agent and pulsed electric fields. Two types of Electroporation are reversible and irreversible Electroporation. This is relatively new treatment modality relies on the physical effects of locally applied electric fields to temporarily destabilize cell membranes in the presence of a drug to allow increased uptake of the agent into the cytosol. Clinical trial data suggests that irreversible electroporation may become an important and innovative tool in the armamentarium of surgeons treating cancer. Electrochemotherapy has been used effectively in preclinical and clinical studies. The therapy was shown to be effective regardless of histologic type of tumor including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Considering the proven safety in several different clinical applications electroporation should be viewed as a clinical platform technology with wide perspectives for use in ECT, gene therapy and DNA vaccination. In this review we gathered the data of the clinical trials that have been published so far.

In targeted drug delivery to specific sites is significant problem which is being faced by many researchers. The development of new and complex molecules nanosponges have potential to solve these problem. Nanosponges are tiny sponges with a size of about a virus. Which can be filled with a wide variety of drugs and complex molecules. These tiny sponges can circulate around the body until they encounter the specific target site and stick on the surface and begin to release the drugs in a controlled and predictable manner. Because nanosponges play a vital role in targeting drug delivery in a controlled released rate. Nanosponges is a novel and emerging technology which offers targeted and controlled drug delivery for topical as well as oral use. A large variety of substances or drugs can be encapsulated in to the wide cavities of nanosponges. Another important features of these nanosponges is their water soluble. The nanosponges carrying both lipophilic and hydrophilic substances and mostly improving the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs. In this review article application of nanosponges, method of preparation, evaluation parameter and added recent patent have been discussed.

A simple, precise, rapid and specific reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of S (-) Metoprolol Succinate was developed and validated. The chromatographic separation was achieved on Inertsil ODS column (125×4.6mm, 5µ), using a mixture of 20mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH adjusted to 3.5 with ortho-phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile as mobile phase in the ratio of 80:20 at flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The detection was performed at 220 nm. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 30 - 90 µg/mL (r2 = 0.99999). Major impurities and degradation products were well separated from S(-) Metoprolol Succinate. Thus this assay method can be considered as stability-indicating.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Photodynamic therapy in addition to the classical treatment with scaling root planing compare to subgingival chlorhexidine irrigation. A 20 patient of chronic generalized periodontitis with probing depth more than 5mm, were included in the study. According to split mouth design, for one quadrant scaling and root planning with Photodynamic therapy was performed and other side scaling and root planning with chlorhexidine irrigation was done as a control group. A statistically significant difference in median Gingival Index score over a period of 20 days from baseline was observed  in  the site of the test group as compared to control site. The present study supports the treatment approach of Photodynamic therapy an adjunct to routine scaling and root planning. Photodynamic therapy is as efficient and safe to be used in addition to root planing when compared to sub gingival irrigation with scaling and root planning.

Dermatophytosis is currently treated with the commercially available topical and oral antifungal agents in spite of the existing side effects. Treatment of these cutaneous infections with secondary metabolites produced by wild plant is considered as an alternative approach. Exploring the unexplored aspect of the wild plants for developing antidermatophytic drugs is a novel attempt which needs further investigation. Study aims to screen eleven wild medicinal plants possessing antifungal activity against the clinical fungal isolates from dermatophytic patients. The methanolic plant extract were analyzed by well diffusion assay and phytochemical characterization of the active ingredient were determined possessing mycocidal activity. Aspergillus sp. was effectively controlled by the extracts of C.roseus , R.communis, T. cordifolia, J. curcas, C. longa; Curvularia sp. by T. cordifolia, R. communis , T. erectus , C. longa; Cladosporium sp. C. roseus  , R. communis , L. inermis , T. erectus, A. nilotica; Microsporium sp. by C. roseus, R. communis, J. curcas, L. inermis, A. nilotica  and Penicillium sp. by A. nilotica, R. communis, C. longa, T. occidentalis and T. erectus . Maximum Alkaloid was recovered from T. peruviana, Saponin in R. communis and C. roseus, Flavanoid from R. communis, Tannin in T. erectus and C.  roseus and phenols from L. inermis. Methanolic plants extracts of Catherenthus reseus, Riccinus communis, Tagetus erectus, Acacia nilotica, Lawsonia inermis and Thuja occidentalis were found to be significantly controlling the test fungi.  Data revealed that plants possessing higher phenol, tannin and saponin show antifungal activity.

The objective of this study was to assess the drug utilization pattern and cost analysis among the inpatients of medical intensive care unit (ICU) of NIMS hospital, Jaipur. After taking Ethics permission , records of 356 patients admitted in the medical ICU of a NIMS hospital were noted. Demographic profile, commonly prescribed drugs as per Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC) and WHO core indicators were assessed from the records. Out of 356 inpatients, 224(62.9% ) were males . Most of the patients were in the age group of 61-70 for males 51-60 for females. Most commonly prescribed drugs were antibiotics followed by i.v. fluids. The average number of drugs per prescription was 11.99. Out of 4271 drugs prescribed, 1152(26.97%) were prescribed by generic names. Drugs on WHO EML were only 41% while that of NLEM 2011 were 68% . Drugs used as fixed dose combination were 19.26%. Average cost per prescription was INR 1975. Median length of stay was 6 days. Inspite of the fact that respiratory complications are one of the leading cause of death in critically ill patients and rational drug use plays a pivotal role in reverting the condition , there is a lack of pioneer drug utilization studies in this field. This study gives a message to adopt a cost effective and rational use of drug.

This investigation deals with the formulation of sustained release niosome based system of silver sulfadiazine for the treatment of burn and thereby decreasing the dosing frequency which is really important for severe burn patient as every reapplication is very painful to them. In this investigation, the effect of different processing variables on entrapment efficiency of drug was evaluated. The vesicle size, photomicroscopy, in vitro release, scanning electron microscopy, stability and in vitro antimicrobial activity of niosomal vesicles formed were also characterized. Niosomes were developed from span 60 and cholesterol in different molar ratio by ether injection, thin film hydration and non solvent methods. Results indicated that the niosomes manufactured with span 60 and cholesterol in 50:50 molar ratio using 100mg of drug by thin film hydration method gives highest entrapment of 92.11%. The method of preparation and contents of cholesterol as well as drug were found to affect the entrapment. The optimized niosomal formulation exhibited significantly retarded in vitro release of 98.04% over 28 hours by a higuchi controlled mechanism. The in vitro antimicrobial study using Staphylococcus aureus revealed that niosomal formulation of silver sulfadiazine shows better zone of inhibition (18mm) in comparison to conventional dosage form (17mm). In conclusion this study showed that the niosomal formulation can be used as promising sustained release approach for the topical delivery of silver sulfadiazine in the treatment of burn.

The present study describes a simple, accurate, precise and cost effective UV-VIS Spectrophotometric method for the estimation of Nateglinide, an anti-diabetic drug, in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The solvent used was 0.1 N HCl+ 0.5 SLS solution and the λ max or the absorption maxima of the drug was found to be 212 nm. A linear response was observed in the range of 10- 60μg/ml with a regression coefficient of 0.999. The method was then validated for different parameters such as Linearity, Accuracy, Precision, Specificity, Robustness, Ruggedness, Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification (LOQ). This method can be used for the determination of Nateglinide in quality control of formulation without interference of the excipients. Nateglinide was subjected to stress degradation under different conditions recommended by ICH such as acid, alkali, photolytic, dry heat and oxidative. The samples so generated were used for degradation studies using the developed method.