Gupta

The purpose of the present study was to develop an optimized gastric floating once-daily matrix tablet of ofloxacin (FERMTs) using  hydrophilic polymers such as HPMC K4M, HPMC 100M, isapagulha husk and sodium bicarbonate as buoyancy contributer. The formulation of FERMTs were designed by 23full factorial design taking amount of HPMC K4M, HPMC 100M and sodium bicarbonate as formulation variables and prepared by wet granulation method. The FERMTs were then evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, content uniformity, in vitro drug release and floating capacity. Finally, the floating lag time (FLT) and cumulative % drug release at 4h, 8h, 12h and 16h were taken as response variables and the FERMT formulation was numerically optimized by 23full factorial design using Design-Expert software (version 8.1). The optimized formula showed excellent floating efficiency over a 16 h period with FLT of 2.80 mins and drug release over a period of 16 hour. Analysis of dissolution data showed that the kinetic of drug release followed Korsemeyer-peppas model.

The present research paper focuses on designing not only the sustained release tablets of acyclovir to ensure time-dependent, sustained release formulation but also studying the effect of sodium alginate, Xanthan gum and HPMCV K15 on the in vitro release profile of the tablet. The initial release of drug from these matrices occurs by the drug dissolution in the water penetrated into the matrix. The overall drug release from these matrices is governed by hydration, gel layer formation and drug diffusion into the gel layer and to the dissolution media. The formulations ACL1 to ACL5 are containing 200mg of drug with a combination of different excepients. The drug release showed in ACL1 was 95.78%, for only 10hrs and ACL2 showed 90.66% within 11hrs because there was less presence of Xanthan Gum. The Acyclovir tablets of ACL3 showed 91.35% in 12hrs, ACL4 and ACL5 showed drug release of 95.33% for 8hrs and 95.85% for 9hrs. In further formulations the dose of Acyclovir was increased to 400mg ACL6 to ACL10 that are containing combination of excipients. The drug release for the formulations ACL6 showed a drug release of 97.44% for 10hrs and ACL7 showed a drug release 92.4% for 11hrs. From these twelve formulations it was concluded that increase in concentration of Xanthan Gum and Sodium alginate overrun the effect of HPMC K15. The dissolution characteristics allowed for drug to be released in a controlled manner, highlighting the importance for the correct selection of polymers according to their physical, mechanical and pharmacokinetic properties.

In the present research work nifedipine transdermal patch were prepared and optimized by using D-optimal mixture design. The prepared transdermal patches were evaluated for various parameters like drug excipients compatibility study, physicochemical evaluation, mechanical properties, In vitro drug release and In vitro permeation study. The result of evaluation parameters demonstrated a successful development of transdermal patch with poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and ethyl cellulose (EC) as rate controlling polymer.

Bioavailability and Bioequivalence studies play a vital role in drug development process for new drug products and generic drugs. The main aim of abbreviated new drug application is to show that the generic drug is bioequivalent to innovator product in terms of quality, safety, and efficacy. There are several approaches to study bioequivalence and each country has its own regulations for conducting Bioavailability and Bioequivalence studies. The present review gives information about abbreviated new drug application submission and important aspects involved in bioequivalence and Regulatory requirement for various countries.

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is sensitive technique that is affected by matrix effect. It arises due to phospholipids, proteins or metabolites present in biological fluids. It either increases or decreases the ionization of sample and affects detection limits. By careful evaluation of matrix effect on the drugs and their ionization in LC-MS the sensitivity could be improved. Evaluation of matrix effect for bio estimation of prasugrel hydrochloride is done by sample preparation methods, chromatographic conditions, internal standard and mass spectrometric conditions. A LC-MS method was developed for prasugrel hydrochloride with mobile phase consisted of ammonium formate (5mM, pH 7.5): acetonitrile (30:70, %v/v) at 1 mL/min flow rate and PDA detection at 220 nm. The mass detection method was after ionization with ESI probe, CDL temperature 230°C, detector voltage-1.5 Kv, nebulisation gas flow-1.5 L/min and column temperature was 30.5°C. The molecular ion peak was identified at m/z of 410 and product ion peak at m/z 374. The plasma spiked with prasugrel was subjected to each evaluation process and matrix effect was studied.  In sample preparation technique, the extraction efficiency and process efficiency were also calculated. The study results have shown that the matrix effect could be reduced systematically by the procedures performed and the sensitivity of LC-MS in the detection and quantification was increased to detect 20 ng/mL of Prasugrel from plasma.

Nanotechnology can be defined as the manipulation, precision-placement, modeling and manufacture of material at the nanometer scale. The purpose of this review is to discuss the impact of nanotechnology in the treatment of the major health threats including cancer, infectious diseases, metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and inflammations. Indeed, during the past 37 years, the explosive growth of nanotechnology has burst into challenging innovations in pharmacology. Although the introduction of nanotechnology obviously permitted to step over numerous milestones toward the development of the magic bullet proposed a century ago by the immunologist Paul Ehrlich. Cancer cells have unique properties that can be exploited by nanoparticles. They can be used very effectively for drug delivery. Normally, drugs work through the entire body before they reach the disease-affected area. Using nanotechnology, the drug can be targeted to a precise location which would make the drug much more effective and reduce the chances of possible side-effects. A great advantage of using nanotechnology for drug delivery is that the amount and time of drug release can be easily controlled by predetermination of nanoparticle. Nanotechnology is still in its early stages. The applications discussed in this review have already been developed and are already helping patients all over the world. Keywords- Nanoparticle, Cancer, Alzheimer's disease, TDDS

The hepatoprotective activity of a Boerrhavia diffusa of 50 % ethanolic extract  was studied using Swiss albino rats. The animals received a single intraperitoneal injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine 200mg/kg body wt followed by subcutaneous injection of CCl4 in a dose of 3 ml/kg body wt. The administration of  Boerrhavia diffusa extracts and cisplatin decreased the liver weight and average liver weight, which shows the rehabilitating capability of extracts in respect with anticancer potency in comparison with the very much effective in preventing NDEA-induced multistage hepatocarcinogenesis possibly through antioxidant and  antigenotoxic nature, which was confirmed by various liver injury and biochemical tumour markers enzymes and molecular events. Boerrhavia diffusa extract dose dependently and significantly the increase in serum hepatic enzyme levels after NDEA& CCl4 treatment compared to the toxin control group. The results of this study confirmed the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of the Boerrhavia diffusa extract against carbon tetrachloride& N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino rats. 

Centellaasiatica of the family Umbelliferae is commonly found in the parts of India, Asia and Middle East & commonly known as Mandookaparni. It is a perennial, herbaceous creeper growing upto 30 cm in height with fan-shaped leaves. It contains glycosides, alkaloids and triterpine acids. Toxicological study of asiaticoside showed that subcutaneous injection of asiaticoside in doses of 0.04 to 0.05 gm / kg in rat and rabbit was found toxic. The oral dose of 1 gm / kg was well tolerated. The plant is bitter, acrid, sweet, cooling, soporific, cardiotonic, nervine tonic, stomachic, carminative, antileprotic, diuretic and febrifuge. It is used as a brain tonic for promoting brain growth and improving memory. Ayurvedic medicines has effectively used it in the treatment of inflammation, anemia, asthma, blood disorders, bronchitis, fever, urinary discharge and splenomegaly. Reported activity of Centellaasiatica are cardiovascular acivity, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, antifilarial activity, anxiolytic activity,antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity, radioprotective activity, antiprolifirative activity, anticonvulsant activity, memory enhancement activity, antinociceptive activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antiulcer activity, antifertility activity, antitumor activity, wound healing activity and anti-immune activity.

There is a vast interest in the scientific community and drug industry to exploit various mucosal routes of delivering drugs, which are poorly absorbed after oral administration. Human rectum remains to be a relatively unexplored route of drug delivery despite its potential as a non- invasive route of drug administration. The presence of dense network of blood vessels has made the rectum an excellent route of drug delivery for both systemic and local effect. The present investigation was aimed to evaluating the possibility of using different surfactant i.e. Span 60 and 80, Tween 60 and 80 on the release rate of formulation for the development of rectal drug delivery system of paracetamol, an NSAIDs, to minimize the gastric irritation of the drug upon oral administration. Suppositories were formulated by fusion method & evaluated for their physicochemical characterization followed by in vitro evaluation through spectrophotometrically. Suppositories containing PEG 4000 with Tween 80 showed a better permeation of drug with faster dissolution rate in vitro than other formulations. The formulations were designed to overcome the risk of upper gastrointestinal complications such as stomach bleeding, and may cause kidney or liver damage. Suppositories are dosage forms for use in the unavoidable circumstances such as comatose, nauseous or vomiting.

The novel carriers have been exploited through almost all the routes of administration. Many newer carriers are evolving with the advent of technology and the demand of targeted delivery like microemulsions. Microemulsions are clear, stable, isotropic mixtures of oil, water and surfactant. These systems are currently of interest because of their considerable potential to act as drug delivery vehicles by incorporating a wide range of drug molecules. In addition to oral and intravenous delivery, they are amenable for sustained and targeted delivery through nasal, pulmonary, vaginal and topical routes. The intent of the paper focuses on use of microemulsion technology in intranasal drug delivery along with mechanism.