Cancer

Cancer is a disease of abnormal, uncoordinated, uncontrolled and purposeless cell division in any part of body. The leading cause of death in women is due to breast cancer that accounts for 12.7% around the globe. This study aims to describe the prescribing trends and possible avenues for improving of chemotherapy drugs in breast cancer patients. The prospective observational was conducted among 178 patients in the Medical Oncological Department of Apollo Multispecialty Hospital and Research Center for a period of 6 months. The data was assessed and evaluated using statistical tool. The number of patients receiving adjuvant, neoadjuvant and palliative therapy was 131,10 and 37 respectively. The most commonly prescribed drug as monotherapy in adjuvant, neoadjuvant and palliative therapy was paclitaxel (14.5%) or zoledronic acid (14.5%), trastuzumab (40%) and zoledronate (45.9%) respectively. The most commonly prescribed combinational regimens drug in adjuvant, neoadjuvant and palliative therapy was Cyclophosphamide with Docetaxel (15.30%), Cyclophosphamide with Docetaxel (20%) or cyclophosphamide with Epirubicin (20%) and Letrozole with zoledronate (21.6%). Dexamethasone, ondansetron and pantoprazole (100%) were co administered in all the patients during their chemotherapy cycles. The observed side effects were back pain, anemia, neutropenia, insomnia, anxiety, myalgia, cough. The prescribed chemotherapy drugs for the breast cancer meet the criteria of patient’s adherence. Breast cancer is a prevalent type of cancer that require long term therapy and monitoring to evaluate and refine the therapeutic regimen of breast cancer to provide the extension and better quality of life.

Bortezomib is formulated as the solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) system with the use of a 3-factor, 3-level Box–Behnken design, by hot homogenization followed by an ultra sonication method. Trimyristin (Dynasan-114), tripalmitin (Dynasan116) and tristearin (Dynasan-118) were used as lipids and based on the results from the initial studies tripalmitin (Dynasan116) was selected as the lipid for the further studies along with phosphate dylcholine as surfactant and Poloxamer 188 as stabilizer. The optimized formulation (F1) was obtained with minimum particle size (204 nm), maximum entrapment efficiency (70.24) and drug loading (21.24). In vitro release studies showed that maximum cumulative drug release was obtained for F1 (99.74%). The optimized formulation Bortezomib followed zero-order release kinetics with a strong correlation coefficient (R2= 0.9994). The pharmacokinetic studies in rabbits demonstrated that SLN formulation could be used for increasing the oral bioavailability of the drug for more than 2 fold when compared with pure drug. SLNs of Bortezomib were successfully developed to yield an optimized formulation with lowest particle size and highest entrapment efficiency that could sustain the release of drug. Key words: Bortezomib, SLN, Cancer, Tripalmitin, Box-Behnken design, Pharmacokinetic studies.

Cancer is deliberate to be caused by the interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental toxins. Based on the DNA changes in cells, proliferating cycle of tumor cells can be divided into 4 phase’s Pre-synthetic phase (Gap 1 phase or G1 phase). The antiproliferative activities of these compounds were evaluated against a Cytotoxicity analysis of compounds against leukemia cell line -K562 organism homo sapiens (human) organ bone - marrow.Tissue - lymphoblast, disease - chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) one human tumor cell lines (K562) by applying the MTT colorimetric assay. The 1, 3-disubstituted urea derivatives show good antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines (K562). Generally, an aromatic ring on N-3 seems to be in favor of enhancing the inhibitory activity, compounds introduced a Nitro group substituted at C-3 position on the aromatic ring approved to generally decrease    activity. Cells were incubated with different concentrations of the extract for 5 days in a 96 well plate, after which the liver cells which did not take in stain and dead cells which took in stain were counted. For counting the cell suspension was mixed with an equal volume of trypan blue and was counted. A concentration that inhibited the growth of cells at 50% (IC50) was computed. Substances with low IC50 indicate potential for cytotoxicity. (A) 1, 1-dimethyl-3-phenyl-3-(5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl) urea was found higher activity

Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Treating the cancer is one of the major challenges in modern science as the drug delivery to solid tumors is a seminal challenge to develop more effective cancer therapies. A well-designed drug delivery system can potentially enhance the efficacy of a treatment by improving drug accumulation in the tumor. Application of nanotechnology to prevent and treat the cancer disease is known as nanomedicine. Cancer diagnosis and treatment can be achieved to a greater extent by the application of nanotechnology principles to biomedicine. Over these years targeted treatment for cancer has been greatly improved by the approaches based on nanotechnology. Nanoparticles have the potential to increase the specificity in treating cancer cells while leaving the healthy cells. The goal of this review is to discuss the current state of nanomedicine in the field of cancer detection and the subsequent application of nanotechnology to treat cancer by using nanoparticles such as dendrimers, quantum dots, nanocells, nanocrystals, and nanoshells for the detection and treatment of cancer.

Targeted drug delivery, also known as smart drug delivery, is a method of treatment that involves the increase in medicament in one or few body parts in comparison to others. Two strategies are widely used for drug targeting to the desired organ/tissue: passive targeting and active targeting. Drug delivery vehicles transport the drug either within or in the vicinity of target. An ideal drug delivery vehicle is supposed to cross even stubborn sites such as a blood brain barrier. Recently, nano medicine has emerged as the medical application of nanotechnology. Since nanoparticles are very small in size, nano drug delivery can allow for the delivery of drugs with poor solubility in water and also aid in avoiding the first pass metabolism of liver. Nanotechnology derived drug delivery can cause the drug to remain in blood circulation for a long time, thereby leading to lesser fluctuations in plasma levels and therefore, minimal side effects. These include polymer-drug conjugates and nano particulate systems such as liposomes, quantum dots, dendrimers, etc. There are several other approaches as well. These also include the strategies wherein the therapeutic agents are coupled with “targeting ligands” that possess the ability to recognize antigens associated with tumors.

Medicinal herbs are significant sources of chemotherapeutic drugs and play a vital role in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Mentha pulegium L. from Labiatae family was traditionally used as an anticancer agent. In this study, aerial parts including leaves of this plant were extracted by methanol and fractionated extracts have been produced by petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and distilled water. For the purpose of cytotoxic evaluation of methanolic extract and its fractions on human ovary carcinoma cells (C13), human hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) and human lung carcinoma cells (A549), clonogenic assay was performed. Briefly, 200 cells were seeded in each well of 6 well plates in RPMI 1640 with 10% FBS media. After 24 hours incubation, 0-50μg/ml of methanolic extract and its fractions were exposed to the cells. Finally, colonies with more than 50 cells were counted after 7 days. In each case, a control row was set by the exposure of cells to compounds-free solvents. LC50 values were calculated using nonlinear regression analysis on Graphpad prism® software. The result showed that the methanolic extract and its fractions are cytotoxic on all three studied human carcinoma cell lines at different degrees. Human ovary carcinoma cell line (C13), which is resistant to many other chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. cisplatin), is the most sensitive cell line to methanolic extract and its fractions compared to two other cell lines. Further complementary cellular and animal studies are recommended for these anticancer candidates.

Nanotechnology can be defined as the manipulation, precision-placement, modeling and manufacture of material at the nanometer scale. The purpose of this review is to discuss the impact of nanotechnology in the treatment of the major health threats including cancer, infectious diseases, metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and inflammations. Indeed, during the past 37 years, the explosive growth of nanotechnology has burst into challenging innovations in pharmacology. Although the introduction of nanotechnology obviously permitted to step over numerous milestones toward the development of the magic bullet proposed a century ago by the immunologist Paul Ehrlich. Cancer cells have unique properties that can be exploited by nanoparticles. They can be used very effectively for drug delivery. Normally, drugs work through the entire body before they reach the disease-affected area. Using nanotechnology, the drug can be targeted to a precise location which would make the drug much more effective and reduce the chances of possible side-effects. A great advantage of using nanotechnology for drug delivery is that the amount and time of drug release can be easily controlled by predetermination of nanoparticle. Nanotechnology is still in its early stages. The applications discussed in this review have already been developed and are already helping patients all over the world. Keywords- Nanoparticle, Cancer, Alzheimer's disease, TDDS

Since long time there is a search for a most promising therapy such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery for the treatment and prevention of cancers. Nowadays antibodies are also gaining importance in the treatment of most types of diseases including cancers. Antibodies are found to be important and most promising and target specific therapeutic agents for cancer due to their epitope specific interaction. Monoclonal antibodies are very specific only one type of epitope. Recently, it has become clear that antibodies possess several clinically relevant mechanisms of action. Many clinically useful antibodies can manipulate tumour-related signaling. In addition, antibodies exhibit various immunomodulatory properties and, by directly activating or inhibiting molecules of the immune system, antibodies can promote the induction of antitumour immune responses. These immunomodulatory properties can form the basis for new cancer treatment strategies.

Cancer is an important area of interest in the life sciences because it has been a major killer disease throughout human history. Heterocyclic molecules are well known to play a critical role in health care and pharmaceutical drug design. Currently a number of heterocyclic compounds are available commercially as anticancer drugs and great efforts have been put to the identification of novel anticancer targets for novel anticancer drug discovery. Key words: Heterocycles, Cancer