Breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the world's most frequent and lethal tumours, accounting for a significant amount of cancer-related morbidity and fatality or death rate, particularly among women. Although initial stages of breast cancer may be curable, timely identification and suitable therapy are not routinely available. This discrepancy in healthcare access, particularly in low- and middle-income nations, has a continued influence on survival rates and quality of life. As our understanding of the biology associated with breast cancer grows, the illness is increasingly seen as a diverse set of diseases with discrete molecular subtypes, each with its own prognosis and treatment implications. This study provides a comprehensive overview of breast cancer, beginning with its pathophysiology and categorization systems and proceeding through the landscape of both traditional and innovative therapeutic options. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy remain standard treatments, but recent breakthroughs have extended therapeutic choices with the advent of targeted medications. Therapies including HER2 inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors have considerably improved clinical outcomes in some patient groups. Furthermore, hormonal medicines and gene-based treatments are evolving, enabling more personalized and effective care regimens. This article seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of how breast cancer is being handled and where it is going by investigating both existing therapies and the most recent advances in care.

Cancer is a disease of abnormal, uncoordinated, uncontrolled and purposeless cell division in any part of body. The leading cause of death in women is due to breast cancer that accounts for 12.7% around the globe. This study aims to describe the prescribing trends and possible avenues for improving of chemotherapy drugs in breast cancer patients. The prospective observational was conducted among 178 patients in the Medical Oncological Department of Apollo Multispecialty Hospital and Research Center for a period of 6 months. The data was assessed and evaluated using statistical tool. The number of patients receiving adjuvant, neoadjuvant and palliative therapy was 131,10 and 37 respectively. The most commonly prescribed drug as monotherapy in adjuvant, neoadjuvant and palliative therapy was paclitaxel (14.5%) or zoledronic acid (14.5%), trastuzumab (40%) and zoledronate (45.9%) respectively. The most commonly prescribed combinational regimens drug in adjuvant, neoadjuvant and palliative therapy was Cyclophosphamide with Docetaxel (15.30%), Cyclophosphamide with Docetaxel (20%) or cyclophosphamide with Epirubicin (20%) and Letrozole with zoledronate (21.6%). Dexamethasone, ondansetron and pantoprazole (100%) were co administered in all the patients during their chemotherapy cycles. The observed side effects were back pain, anemia, neutropenia, insomnia, anxiety, myalgia, cough. The prescribed chemotherapy drugs for the breast cancer meet the criteria of patient’s adherence. Breast cancer is a prevalent type of cancer that require long term therapy and monitoring to evaluate and refine the therapeutic regimen of breast cancer to provide the extension and better quality of life.

Biomarkers are considered as tremendous gift of modern biomedical sciences to improve the outcome for people with cancer by enhancing detection and treatment approaches.  Biomarkers could include a broad range of biochemical entities, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, small metabolites, as well as whole cells or biophysical characteristics of tissues. Detection of biomarkers can be accomplished by a wide variety of methods, ranging from biochemical analysis of blood or tissue samples to biomedical imaging. The primary focus of this review article is to find out the role of biomarkers as invaluable tools for cancer; specially breast and cervical cancer detection, diagnosis, patient prognosis and treatment selection. Besides, the future trend of biomarker development for these two types of cancer is also discussed.

Breast cancer comprises a diverse collection of diseases rather than a single homogeneous disease. Both preclinical and clinical research now commonly target specific subgroups of breast cancer with the aim of identifying biological markers or genetic phenotypes, and to reveal subgroup-specific therapeutic targets or indicators of prognosis. Since genetics is believed to account for only 10% of the reported cases, the environmental factors including diet are thought to play a significant role in predisposing breast cancer. The present study was aimed to evaluate the chemotherapeutic potential of taurine in 7, 12-dimethyl Benz (a) anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary carcinoma in rats. Oral treatment of taurine (100 mg/kg BW) to breast tumor bearing rats daily for ten to fifteen weeks was found to be effective against DMBA induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in female Sprague Dawley rats. The increased activities of 5′-ND, GGT and LDH in tissue of control and experimental breast cancer rats were significantly (p