antibiotics

Present study analyzes antibacterial and synergistic potential of different parts of Tinospora cordifolia hot aqueous extracts against three environmental isolates and three MTCC reference strains of K. pneumoniae, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Antibacterial activity was observed by agar dilution method in triplicates. Synergistic potential of extracts was observed with seven different antibiotics named as Ceftiaxone (CTR), Kanamycin (K), Gentamycin (GEN), Chloramphenicol (C), Cefotaxime/Cephotaxime (CTX), Tetracycline (TE) and Nalidixic Acid (NA). Results revealed that no extracts shows any antibacterial activity, while synergistic activity was observed with various antibiotics with plant extracts. This concluds that plant extract contains antibiotic resistance inhibitor compound in it. Results show maximum synergistic activity with chloramphenicol against P. aeruginosa with all four aqueous extracts. While no synergistic or antagonistic activity was observed against K. pneumoniae with hot aqueous fruit and leaf extract with any antibiotics used. Antagonistic activity of hot aqueous leaf extract was observed with Ceftiaxone against E. coli followed by Cefotaxime against MTCC K. pneumoniae. While synergistic activity was observed with Chloramphenicol against P. aeruginosa, MTCC P. aeruginosa and Ceftiaxone against P. aeruginosa. It will be a great achievement for the researchers to test different combination of antibiotics and plant extracts without any confirmatory consideration of their individual effect in-vitro. This kind of synergistic work can lead to great evolution in pharmaceutical industries.

This study investigate uropathogenic species isolation and characterization in the population of Mansehra. The different physical chemical and microscopic properties of urine samples were examined. Isolated uropathogen organism were selected for antibiotic suceptibility and resistance pattren. Thirty seven clinics were visited to collect the data regarding the UTI patients among these nine Bacterial species were isolated from 32 urine samples which included bacterial species Escherichia coli, Enterrobacter spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Different biochemicals tests were used for identification. The confirmed isolated bacteria were also tested against selected antibiotics for sensitivity and resistant strains. The result of present investigation revealed that UTI is most common infection among local population of Mansehra. The efficacy of antibiotics calculated and found that Ciprofloxacine, Chloramphenicol, Norfloxacine were sensitive against all isolated bacteria while Cefixime, Cefipime, Linkomycine, Sulfamethaxazole trimethoprim and Nitrofurantion  were resistant while Tobramycine and  Pipperacilline Tazobactum were intermediate. The efficacy of some antibiotics is also questionable because the efficacy of these antibiotics were found resistant and it was also found that common strains  of UTI causing Bacteria were resistant against prescribed antibiotics in District Mansehra.

Today all over the world Salmonella typhimurium is one of the most frequent causes of food poisoning in humans. The antimicrobial resistance of salmonellas has increased rapidly during the last decade, creating a serious threat to the treatment of infectious diseases. This study will introduce the multi-drug resistance of 2931 Salmonella typhimurium strains isolated in patients diagnosed with salmonellosis or in carriers of salmonellas in the region of Elbasan, Albania during 1985-2004. All Salmonella typhimurium strains isolated during this period have been tested using impregnated discs with the most common used antimicrobial agents. S.typhimurium strains have shown resistance toward antibiotics as follows: Te+S, 64.04%, Te+C, 58.24%; S+C, 55.85%, Te+S+C, 53.46% while the multi-drug resistance shown is 87.17%. This multi-drug resistance of the strains isolated during 1985-2004 is comparable with the data represented by some native and international authors.

  With an intention to screen for bacterial isolates from wound infection exhibiting resistance to antibiotics, we also checked for the resistance to heavy metals, since both may be plasmid borne. Several bacteria have naturally developed tolerance to a wide range of antibiotics and toxic heavy metals. Some bacteria have also evolved mechanisms to detoxify heavy metals. Tolerance of zinc and copper by these bacteria were studied and it was found that gram positive bacteria were more resistant than gram negative bacteria. We could determine the common pattern of resistance of the isolates to both antibiotics and metals. Key words: antibiotics; heavy metals; copper; zinc; metal tolerance