Resistance

This study investigate uropathogenic species isolation and characterization in the population of Mansehra. The different physical chemical and microscopic properties of urine samples were examined. Isolated uropathogen organism were selected for antibiotic suceptibility and resistance pattren. Thirty seven clinics were visited to collect the data regarding the UTI patients among these nine Bacterial species were isolated from 32 urine samples which included bacterial species Escherichia coli, Enterrobacter spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Different biochemicals tests were used for identification. The confirmed isolated bacteria were also tested against selected antibiotics for sensitivity and resistant strains. The result of present investigation revealed that UTI is most common infection among local population of Mansehra. The efficacy of antibiotics calculated and found that Ciprofloxacine, Chloramphenicol, Norfloxacine were sensitive against all isolated bacteria while Cefixime, Cefipime, Linkomycine, Sulfamethaxazole trimethoprim and Nitrofurantion  were resistant while Tobramycine and  Pipperacilline Tazobactum were intermediate. The efficacy of some antibiotics is also questionable because the efficacy of these antibiotics were found resistant and it was also found that common strains  of UTI causing Bacteria were resistant against prescribed antibiotics in District Mansehra.

The contamination of processed or unprocessed drinking water by pathogenic bacteria has been reported worldwide. Even though a high incidence of waterborne diseases have been well documented, enterobacteriaceae is an under acknowledged pathogen of concern to public health in India. The study was aimed to isolate and biochemically characterize Enterobacteriaceae as well as to determine  antibiotic sensitivity pattern and primer designing specific to their signature gene sequences for rapid detection by PCR methods. Total plate count was determined in potable water sample collected from three different sites of Jaipur city and was found to be nearly equal or more than 105 cfu/ ml. Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated using the most probable number method (MPN index). Enterobacteriaceae (n = 36), randomly isolated from three sites, were identified, biochemically characterized and were screened for sensitivity to 9 antimicrobials by the disk diffusion method. The isolated bacteria had shown variable susceptibility and resistance patterns in response to different antibiotics used in the study. Polymerase chain reaction based methods can be a powerful molecular technique for rapid, sensitive and specific detection. Hence, in the present study primers were also designed specific to virulence signature sequences and their specificity was assessed by BLAST.