Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by sustained hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. Enzyme inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase is a proven therapeutic strategy to attenuate postprandial glucose surges. Although synthetic inhibitors such as acarbose are widely used, their gastrointestinal side effects have stimulated interest in natural dietary alternatives. The present study investigates the phytochemical composition and in vitro antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extracts from five rice varieties: Mapillai Samba, Red Rice, Karuppu Kavuni, Karudan Samba, and Ponni Rice. Extracts were prepared using Soxhlet extraction and evaluated for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition across concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 µg/mL, with acarbose serving as the reference inhibitor. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed that all varieties contained alkaloids and flavonoids, while pigmented rice types exhibited higher diversity of secondary metabolites. In enzyme assays, Karuppu Kavuni showed the strongest inhibitory activity (91.40% for α-amylase and 91.10% for α-glucosidase at 500 µg/mL), closely comparable to acarbose (93.25% and 95.16%, respectively). Red Rice and Mapillai Samba demonstrated moderate activity, whereas Ponni Rice showed the least inhibition. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between rice varieties (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that pigmented rice varieties, particularly Karuppu Kavuni, may serve as functional foods or nutraceutical sources for managing postprandial hyperglycemia. Future in vivo validation and phytochemical characterization are warranted.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that has become a major global health burden due to its progressive complications and rising prevalence. It is associated with long-term damage to vital organs, including the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves, thereby contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although several synthetic anti-diabetic are currently available, their long-term use is often accompanied by adverse effects such as hypoglycemia, gastrointestinal disturbances, and reduced therapeutic efficacy. These limitations highlight the urgent need for safer, more effective alternatives to improve diabetes management. In this context, medicinal plants have emerged as promising candidates, as they not only help regulate blood glucose but also offer additional health benefits with fewer side effects compared to conventional drugs. Among the medicinal plants investigated for antidiabetic potential, Cinnamomum cassia and Terminalia catappa have attracted considerable attention. These plants are rich in bioactive phytochemicals such as cinnamaldehyde, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids, which demonstrate hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and β-cell rejuvenate properties. Animal model studies have shown that these plants can effectively lower blood glucose and enhance insulin sensitivity, thereby protecting against diabetes-induced complications. The growing interest in medicinal plants reflects their potential as safer and multifunctional therapeutic options. By integrating these natural agents into diabetes management strategies, it may be possible to achieve better glycemic control while minimizing adverse effects. These results strongly indicate the potential of medicinal plant as complementary therapeutic agents, supporting progressive efforts to combine medicinal plants into diabetes management strategies.

The objective of the present work was to formulate and evaluate novel self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of poorly soluble drug Nateglinide. Poor water solubility and slow dissolution rate are major issues for most upcoming and existing biologically active pharmaceutical compounds. Nateglinide is Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class-II drug that has low solubility and high permeability. Surfactants and oil was selected based on solubility studies were further screened for their efficiency in formulation. Acrosyl K-135 was used as oil phase and Kolliphor RH 40 and Transcutol P were used as surfactant and co-surfactant respectively for formulation. Formulation F13 was found to be optimized formulation on the basis of in vitro dissolution studies, particle size and zeta potential. The particle size of the optimized SNEDDS formulation was found to be 74.6 nm and Z-Average was found to be 43.1 nm, indicating all the particles were in the nanometer range and the zeta potential of the optimized SNEDDS formulation was found to be -18.4 mV. The optimized formulation was then subjected to stability studies and was found to be stable after 6 months. Thus, the study confirmed that the SNEDDS formulation can be used as a possible alternative to traditional oral formulations of Nateglinide to improve its solubility.

Nateglinide is an anti-diabetic drug that lowers the blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreas. Because of low solubility and bioavailability, its usage is limited. In the present study solid dispersions of Nateglinide were prepared by solvent evaporation method and evaluated through various steps for biological correlation. Nateglinide solid dispersions were prepared using PEG 6000, Pluronic F 127 and Labrafil M 1944. A 3-factor, 3-level Central composite design employed to study the effect of each independent variable on dependent variables. X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the crystallinity and FTIR was used to analyze the drug and excipient compatibility. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to analyze the surface of solid dispersion samples. The correlation coefficient showed that the release profile followed Higuchi model (R2= 0.95836). From Korsmeyer peppas model, the release exponent, n was found to be 0.80635 (0.43 < n < 0.85) and followed anomalous behaviour and hence release mechanism was indicative of diffusion. From in vitro dissolution studies it was proved that a Nateglinide solid dispersion may achieve good formulation capability for pharmaceutical manufacturer by increasing solubility and dissolution rate. Key words: Nateglinide, Diabetes mellitus, solid dispersions, solubility, Central composite  

The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between ABO blood groups and diabetes mellitus in the population of Pune, Maharashtra [India]. The present study included analysis of  ABO blood group. The data of blood group obtained among 500 subjects of every age taken randomly from the local population of Pune city in the duration of Sept 2014 to February 2015. Out of that 359 were male and 141 were female patients suffering Diabetes Mellitus. From present study it is concluded that there is relativity in between blood groups & diabetes mellitus. The association exists between blood group B + ve   and Diabetic Mellitus. The result of study shows that 50 % of diabetic patient having B +ve blood group. In this study, frequency of ABO blood groups observed was in an order of B +ve > A +ve > O +ve > AB +ve > B -ve.> A -ve

The aim of the present investigation was to design a mucoadhesive liposomal system of Repaglinide for the treatment of type - 2 diabetes mellitus that is capable of delivering entrapped drug over an extended period of time. Mucoadhesive liposomal formulations were prepared by using different ratio of lecithin and cholesterol by thin film hydration technique followed by coating of liposomes by 0.1 % w/v and 0.3 % w/v of chitosan and were evaluated for entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology and in-vitro drug release. Particle size and zeta potential of the F2 and C2F2 formulation was found to be 413.5 nm, 830.9 nm and -40.9 mV, -46.8 mV respectively. Coating of liposomes resulted increase in particle size and also increases the zeta potential.  Highest entrapment efficiency was observed in F1, CF1 and C2F2 90%, 95% and 94%. The percent drug release from F1-F3, CF1-CF3 and C2F1-C2F3 was observed as follows F1- 79.04%, F2- 76.77%, F3- 64.32%, CF1-66.65%, CF2- 62.12%, CF3- 56.54% and C2F1- 59.1%, C2F2-56.56%, C2F3- 53.45% which follows first order drug release and non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. And mucoadhesive strength from CF2- 60%, C2F2- 74%.

The present study is undertaken to explore the effects of aqueous, alcoholic, chloroform and Petroleum ether extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis(HS), Aegle marmelos(AM), and Jatropha curcas(JC) on blood glucose level in both normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats.  In this single dose study, extracts are prepared by Maceration process with different solvents. Extracts of HS, AM, JC  was given once orally in different doses .The effect of extract was studied in normal rats, alloxan (150mg/kg, i.p.) induced diabetic rats and glucose fed normal rats by measuring fasting blood glucose level at different intervals. The extracts exhibited significant (p

In present study long-acting biodegradable Nateglinide loaded Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticleformulation is reported for treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).Different formulations were prepared by varying drug: polymer ratio (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) and polyvinyl alcohol as stabilizer in 0.5-1.5% concentration range by emulsificationsolventevaporation technique. Optimization was carried out by evaluating entrapment efficiency and particle size. Optimized formulation was characterized for in vitro drug release, surface charge property, SEM, chemical incompatibility and invivo evaluated for blood glucose lowering property in rat model. The obtained resultsindicatethat formulation composition containing drug:polymer ratio 1:3 and stabilizer concentration 1.5%  gives high encapsulation efficiency (82.15%) with mean particle diameter of 216 nm and drug release for 72h. Drug release data was best fitted to Higuchi model indicating drug release was mainly took place by diffusion mechanism. Oraladministrationof optimized nanoparticle formulation showed two fold better activity as compared to standardNateglinide formulation(P

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by the deficiency of the pancreatic hormone insulin (Type 1 DM) or due to the resistance of the peripheral cells to the insulin secreted by pancreatic β cells(Type 2 DM). It is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia. The patients are associated with symptoms like polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia.Type I Diabetes is normally controlled by diet restriction, exercise and insulin therapy. Type II Diabetes is treated with various oral hypoglycaemic agents in addition to dietary restriction and exercise. In severe cases exogenous supply of insulin is also used for therapy. Periodontitis is considered to be the 6th complication of diabetes mellitus. It is a group of inflammatory diseases affecting the supporting structures that surround the tooth. It causes inflammation of gum, loss of alveolar bone and destruction of periodontal ligament. Maintaining oral hygiene is the first step in controlling periodontitis. Chlorhexidine or listerine mouthwash is used commonly. The antibiotic of choice for the treatment is Doxycycline. Diabetes promotes periodontal infection and causes periodontitis. The proinflammatory cytokines produced in response to periodontal infection increase the insulin resistance and aggravate Diabetes. Thus diabetes and periodontitis share a bidirectional relationship. The severity of periodontitis is related to the glycaemic control of the patient and not to the duration of diabetes. Control of blood glucose level and maintenance of oral heath are really important in diabetes mellitus. This article reviews the relation between diabetes mellitus and periodontal health.

Nateglinide is an insulin secretogogues, meglitinide anti-diabetic drug used for the treatment of type II Diabetes mellitus. Film coated means 2% coating immediate release tablets. Superdisintegrants used for the formulation of immediate release tablets to decrease the disintegration time of tablets and disaggregate the granules into fines. Current investigation aims to access the impact of gradient concentration of sodium starch glycolate, Crosscarmellose sodium on the disintegration time also drug release rate of tablets. The drug-excipients interaction study was carried out by Fourier Transform Infra-red and Different Scanning Calorimeter. The six formulations were formulated by using 2, 4, 6 % concentration of Superdisintegrants. The hardness of each formulation was in between 100 to 140 N. The disintegration time of formulation containing 6% (F-6), 4% (F-5) and 2 % (F-4) concentration of Crosscarmellose sodium was about 7.0, 6.0 and 3.0 min respectively. The formulation having sodium starch glycolate concentration of 2% (F-1), 4% (F-2), 6% (F-3) about 8.0, 6.0 and 4.0 min respectively. As the concentration of Superdisintegrants get on increase the disintegration time was decrease. The formulation containing sodium starch glycolate had more disintegration time than Crosscarmellose sodium containing tablets.