Antimicrobial activity.

Infectious diseases (ID) circulating in the home and community remain a significant concern. Two factors are largely responsible first is the constantly changing nature and range of pathogens to which we are exposed and, second is the demographic changes occurring in the community, which affect our resistance to infections. The impact of hand hygiene is important to reduce transmission of ID in the home and community. The antibacterial soap as they contain triclosan which have huge amount of disadvantage and also alcohol base sanitizer which causes irritation due to skin drying, so we can replace it with herbal antimicrobial ingredients. The gel base Polyherbal handwash which prepared by using herbs to avoid the side effects are Azadirachta indica, Citrus Limonis, Aloe vera. The antimicrobial activity of prepared gel base polyherbal handwash was checked by using cup plate method. The microorganism used in antimicrobial test is staphylococcus auries, Candida albicans & bacillus subtillis. The result showed that gel based polyherbal handwash give more inhibition than available commercial synthetic handwash.

Some novel series of pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized from Chalcones. Chalcones were prepared by treatment of Paracetamol with different aldehyde by Claisen-Schimidt Condensation. Various Pyrazoline derivatives were prepared by reflux reaction of Chalcone with Phenyl Hydrazine/Hydrazine Hydrate in ethanolic solution. The structures of the newly synthesized Pyrazoline derivatives have been established on the basis of their spectral data. Structures of compounds were confirmed by IR, H1 NMR. The synthesized selected compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity.

The polymer supported Cu metal Complex was characterized by some physicochemical and spectroscopic methods like elemental analysis Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) and Energy dispersion spectra (EDS). The complex was tested for their antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. The anti- microbial activity was determined in Mueller Hinton media (M H Media).

Formamidines, Thiazoles, dithiazolidines, thiadiazines and other ring system derivatives have a long history of applications in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Our interest in the chemistry of the formamidine  nucleus and its derivatives prompted us to explore the synthesis of 1-hepta-O-acetyl- β-D-lactopyranosyl-3-H/Aryl formamidines, N-hepta-O-acetyl- β-D-lactopyranosyl-N’-benzothiozolyl formamidines and N-hepta-O-acetyl-β-D–lactopyranosyl formimidic acid alkyl esters by reductive desulphurization of 1-hepta-O-acetyl- β-D–lactopyranosyl–H / aryl thiocarbamides, 1-hepta-O-acetyl-β-D-lactopyranosyl-3-[2-N-substituted benzothiazolyl] thiocarbamides and 1-hepta-O-acetyl-β-D–lactopyranosyl-O-alkyl thiocarbamates respectively using Raney Nickel. The identities of these newly synthesized derivatives have been established on the basis of chemical transformations and IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral studies. The title compounds have been assayed for their biological activity against gram-positive as well as gram negative microorganisms. These compounds show most promising activity towards these micro-organisms.

A new azo dye Schiff base ligand, namely N, N′-bis (5-(4-nitrophenyl) diazenyl)-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)ethylenediimine (NDHBDED) has been synthesized and characterized by analytical techniques. And transition metal complexes of Mn (II), Co (II), Cu (II) and Ni (II) were synthesized by the derived azo dye Schiff base. The complexes were characterized for the elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, electronic spectra, spectral analysis, pH metric method, conductance measurement, magnetic moment measurement at room temperature. Analytical data reveal that Mn (II), Co (II), Cu (II) and Ni (II) complexes posses 1:1 metal-ligand ratios. Schiff base and synthesized complexes were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Co (II) and Cu (II) complexes have been found to be more effective for antimicrobial activity.

Heterocyclic compounds have been employed in the synthesis of number of pharmaceutical compounds because of the significant activities possessed by them. One of the most interesting reactions in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry is the control chlorination of sugars. A series of some novel perbenzoylated N-Lactosyl-1, 2, 4- thiadiazolidines (hydrochloride) were synthesized by the interaction of hepta-O-benzoyl-β-D-lactosyl-3-aryl carbamides and N-phenyl-S-chloro isothiocarbamoyl chloride in chloroform medium.  The purity of newly synthesized compounds were judge by their C, H, N and S analysis and the structure was analyzed on the basis of IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral studies. The antimicrobial activities of the title compounds were determined against bacteria Escherichiacoli, Staphylococcusaureus, Proteusvulgaris, Salmonellatyphi, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and fungi Candida albicancs and Aspergillus niger.

3-(2-bromacetyl) phenyl benzoate is key starting material used in synthesis of phenylephrine, (R)-3-[-1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]phenol which is selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist used primarily as decongestant, as an agent to dilate the pupil, and to increase blood pressure. Hence the current research work was aim to synthesize a series of 3-(2-bromacetyl) phenyl benzoate  derivatives by treatment of secondary amines with carbon disulphide and 3-(2-bromacetyl) phenyl benzoate  in presence of strong base in ethanol afforded the corresponding Dithiocarbamates. Their chemical structures are characterized by 1H &13C NMR, MS, Elemental analysis, and chromatography methods (TLC). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by their MIC and zone of inhibition by taking Penicillin, Streptomycin and Amphotericin as standard reference drugs. The microbial assay revealed that compounds D4 and D5 showed the most potent antimicrobial activity against variety of bacteria as well as fungal isolates, which may be a promising antimicrobial leading compound for the further research.

A number of resins (2,4DHAPDF) were synthesized by condensation of 2,4 dihydroxyacetophenone (2,4-DHA) and p-phenylenediamine (p-PD )with formaldehyde (F) in the presence of 2 M HCl as a catalyst with three different molar ratios of reacting monomers (1:1:2, 2:1:3, 3:1:4) at 1300C ±20C. Resins have been characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) spectroscopy and the morphology of the resin was examined by SEM technique. The number average molecular weight of the resin was determined by non –aqueous conductometric titration. The antimicrobial activities of the terpolymer were screened on various bacteria and fungi. All the synthetic terpolymer showed excellent antimicrobial activities with increasing molar ratios of reacting monomers.

A new series of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cr(III) and Fe(III) complexes with tetradentate unsymmetrical Schiff base ligand derived from o-hydroxyacetophenone, 5-chloro-2-hydroxyacetophenone and ethylenediamine have been reported. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurements, electronic and infrared spectra and thermogravimetric analyses. The ligand and its complexes were screened for their antimicrobial  activities against the bacteria Staphalococcus aureus, Bacillus Subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli and fungi Aspergillus oryzae and Fusarium species. The results indicated that the complexes exhibited good antimicrobial activities.

The present article is designed for screening and evaluation of biomolecules, antimicrobial potential from extracts of A. nallamalayana (root), belongs to the family Acanthaceae. A. nallamalayana is the rare and endemic to the forests of Nallamalais, the nucleus of Eastern Ghats, India. It has been used in the folklore system of medicine for the treatment of mouth ulcers, leucorrhoea and abortion / sterility. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of the test species is hither to not reported. The phytochemical investigation on all such extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, steroids and triterpenoids. The antimicrobial activity of various extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) of A. nallamalayana revealed that the methanolic extract (root) exhibited maximum inhibition on all test pathogens followed by ethyl acetate while petroleum ether failed to show inhibition. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus were proved as most sensitive while Bacillus subtilis as resistant strain to the test extracts.