Hassan

Medication error is an essential variable to determine patient safety. So it is crucial to realize the bottle necks of care giving. Studies proved that the role of clinical pharmacist can attribute to positive outcomes in patient care. The main objective is to assess the impact of the interventions provided by clinical pharmacist in the medical wards. Secondary objectives comprise of evaluating the impact of intervention in the patients with renal failure, assessing the acceptance by physician and estimating the effect of intervention in cost saving. The set of interventions collected are regrouped into various categories like indications, safety, dosing and miscellaneous. Under each category, sub-categories are listed and their respective percentages are explained using pictorial representation. Also, the acceptance rate of the interventions by the physician is calculated. The cost saving accrued because of the interventions is estimated to look into to know how the role of clinical pharmacist can help the patients economically. The interventions are regrouped into: indication – 36.3 %; safety – 40.8 %; dosing – 16.03 % and miscellaneous – 6.8 %. Majority of the interventions are given for safety and the acceptance rate of the interventions by the physicians is high – 87.2 %. It is also found that 40 % of these interventions accrued to cost saving to the patients. There is a possibility of multiple benefits, by allotting a clinical pharmacist for every medical team in the ward. This strategy helps the patients to gain better health care and cost saving.

Lebanese scabiosaprolifera(Carmel Daisy) was used to remove Pb (II) free ions from aqueous solutions. The adsorption process was found to be dependent on pH, Temperature, contact time, adsorbent dose and concentration. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at pH 5 after 1 hour at 25 ͦC. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were employed to interpret the adsorption behavior, with a better fit to Langmuir. This adsorption is a spontaneous process with applicability to pseudo second order kinetic model. It was concluded that scabiosaprolifera is an effective, low cost and environmentally friendly adsorbent.

Medicinal plants possess immense traditional applications encompassing antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, antitumor and many. These diverse curative properties attributed to their phytochemicals which can be obtained from different morphological plant parts. In Sudan, medicinal plants are rather diverse species; pertaining with the diverse climate condition. Four plant species namely, Ambrosia maritima L., Ammi visnaga L., Aristolochia bracteolata L. and Lawsonia inermis L., are widely held in folkloric medicine for the treatment of vast myriad of diseases including solid mass tumor conditions. This review gives a bird’s eye view on the plant species distribution, traditional uses, biological activities and chemical constituents.

Plants are potent biochemical factories and have been components of phytomedicine. Since time immemorial man is able to obtain from them a wondrous assortment of industrial chemicals. Plant-based natural constituents can be derived from any part of the plant like bark, leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, seeds, etc., which may contain active components. Sudan with its uniquely variable climatic conditions possesses a huge wealth of flora. Capparis decidua Family (Capparidaceae), Cyperus rotundus Family (Cyperaceae) and Tribulus terrestris Family (Zygophyllaceae) were used successfully in Sudanese folkloric medicine for treatment of inflammatory disorders.  The present review described Botanical description, biological activites and phytochemical profile of these three plants.

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of mucilage on the material and physico-chemical properties of native and modified starches obtained from Ipomoea batatas. Ipomoea batatas starch were pregelatinized and acid modified, subsequently, dispersions of mucilage with native, pregelatinized and acid modified starches in a ratio of 1:20, 1:10, 2:10, 3:10 and 4:10 respectively were produced. The order of magnitude pregelatinized starch > acid modified starch > native starch were seen for parameters such as moisture sorption, hydration capacity and swelling capacity, while native starch > pregelatinized starch > acid modified starch for porosity and angle of repose. These orders were also observed respectively with the dispersion of the various starches in mucilage. Generally an increase in particle size, flow properties, moisture sorption capacity, true densities and a decrease in hydration capacity, swelling capacity and porosity were observed as the mucilage concentration increased.

Plants are widely used by people in traditional and modern medicine all over the world. In fact, all of their remedies can be used safely and without the side effects of drugs. Phytochemical analysis of medicinal plants has revealed that numerous bioactive compounds in plants traditionally used for medicinal purposes have many therapeutically properties. Hence in the present study, a general chemical identification of a Lebanese medicinal plant Urtica dioica was carried out. The results obtained validate the traditional uses of nettle, and showed that this plant possesses an important pharmaceutical value and leads to the isolation and characterization of three compounds from hexane extract. Structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectral methods [FTIR, GC-MS, 1H NMR] after column chromatography on silica gel.

This study is retrospective study to the culture and sensitivity test that done in the laboratory of  Al-Sadr hosp. in 2012 , during this period about 2664 C&S tests for all types of infection this includes (1033 for  urine), (790 t for blood),  (250 ts for  ear swab )and (591 ts for sputum) There is a completely irrational use of antibiotics in al-Sadr teaching hospital in Maysan –Iraq because there is no  a clear strategy for the treatment of different infections so they use antibiotics as a prophylaxis for all patients specially Ampiclox and Claforan or ceftriaxone  , but in fact there is about 14% only of patient that are suspected to be infected have a bacterial growth according to culture and sensitivity tests .Also there is only 0.4% of microorganisms that cause infection in that hospital sensitive to penicillin due to increase the antimicrobial resistance due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics specially Ampiclox. Also the antibiotics cost is very high compared to other hospital in the neighboring countries  penicillins and most of cephalosporins are no longer  drug of choice for most of bacterial infections including staphylococcus bacterial infections in Iraq due to excessive use of them most of the medical problems that thought to be caused by bacterial infections, they are not. Only about 14% of them are caused by bacteria there is no critical need for antimicrobial prophylaxis for most of cases

Insulin is the most effective glucose-lowering agent, which stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscles, myocardium, and other tissues in order to control glucose homeostasis. Is usually administered to diabetic patients through subcutaneous injection. However, the problems encountered with subcutaneous insulin injections are pain, allergic reactions, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin lipodystrophy around the injection site. Insulin if administered via the oral route will help eliminate the pain caused by injection, psychological barriers associated with multiple daily injections such as needle anxiety and possible infections. In addition, oral insulin is beneficial because it is conveyed directly to the liver, its primary site of action, via the portal circulation, a mechanism complimentary to endogenous insulin; subcutaneous insulin treatment however does not replicate the normal dynamics of endogenous insulin release, resulting in a failure to achieve a lasting glycemic control in patients. Insulin in its present form cannot be administered through oral route. Scientists have been trying hard to design an oral delivery system for insulin by applying several approaches.