prevalence

One significant systemic ailment is chronic renal disease. Co-morbid illnesses combined with declining renal function cause patients to take more than one medication. Choosing the right medications is essential to preventing side effects. This study has a prospective observational design in which all patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are included in the analysis. Relevant data was acquired through the use of patient data collection forms, which were filled out and examined. In this study, 120 patients who had prescriptions for medications were reviewed prospectively; of these, 76 (63.33%) were men and 44 (36.66%) were women. According to demographic data, men are more likely to develop CKD. According to demographic information, patients between the ages of 41 and 60 were found to be high in 62 middle-aged individuals (51.66%) and low in young adults (7.83%) in the 19–30 age group. Anti-hypertensive medications were the most commonly prescribed class of pharmaceuticals, followed by cardiovascular, hematinic, and anti-diabetic medications. A total of 1.16% of prescriptions were written under their generic names. 10.96% of prescriptions included an injectable products. Antibiotic prescriptions made up 54.16% of all prescriptions. Ninety-three percent of the medications prescribed came from the WHO Essential medicines list. The study shows that the prescription of brand-name medications was frequently noticed using WHO core indicators, which were used to monitor the drug prescribing trend. This study concludes that CKD patients were more likely to be treated with diuretics, antihypertensives, oral hypoglycemic medications, and hematinic agents.

A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching Hospital, to study the prevalence of superficial fungal infection and related risk factors through clinical diagnosis and to monitor the management of observed superficial fungal infections. Patients diagnosed with superficial fungal infections were selected for the study. Being familiar with the local epidemiology of fungal infections and knowledge of risk factors involved can guide use of antifungal drugs. Appropriate antifungal therapy improves outcomes. Tracking epidemiology helps to detect outbreaks and new risks. Data was collected from case sheets of the patients in a specially designed patient data collection form which include information on demographic characteristics viz. age, sex, clinical signs and symptoms, chief complaints of the patients, drugs used previously if any, drugs given etc. Data was analyzed to find out prevalence and risk factors.100 patients were included with age above 18 years, of which 46.6% were females and 53.4% were males. The most affected age group with superficial fungal infections was from 26-30 years in both males and females. Among all the causative organisms of superficial fungal infections, majority were caused by Tinea corporis (29%) followed by Tinea capitis (28%) and Tinea cruris (25%). Skin was the most affected site of superficial fungal infections followed by scalp, itching being the major symptom followed by redness at the site. In our study, farmers were the most affected socioeconomic group as the exposure of them to the causative organisms is greater.

This study was aimed at identifying the CLINICO-EPIDEMOLOGICAL study of underlying HIV–TB coinfection. A retrospective review of patient records was done from the antiretroviral therapy center (ART) at a government hospital in southern India between June 2018 and April 2019. Secondary data of 10155 patients on ART as well as pre-ART were collected between January 2009 and December 2018 and were analyzed. Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used with SPSS version 15.0 The prevalence of HIV-TB coinfection 0.13% among the sample was taken. HIV–TB coinfection was increased in trend of population from 1.41% in 2009 to 45.3% in 2018 until when the data were included in this study. The proportion of HIV infection among those registering at this particular ART center decreased from 18.7% in 2009 to 6.44% in 2018. The prevalence of HIV infection and HIV-TB coinfection higher in males (3.73% & 33.3%) than females (3.20% & 12.05%) respectively among those registering at this particular ART center. The fatality rate of HIV infection was decreased from 23.4% in 2009 to 2.33% in 2018. The CD4 count (200 cells/µl) lower in co-infected patients than HIV infected patients. The increasing trend of HIV–TB cases observed in this population from 1.41% in 2009 to 45.3% in December 2018. Creating grass root level awareness coupled with aggressive case finding in suspected high-risk population may be key in preventing and early detection of the dual infections.