risk factors

Psychopharmacology is the study of substances that influences behavior or mental state. It is the combination of psychology and pharmacology. There are various psychological reasons that can influence a person’s mind and can lead them to suicidal ideation. Suicide is a fatal, self- injurious act with few evidence of motive to die. It is the deliberate killing of oneself. Youth and adolescence are the time of development in which children hatch out from their protective shell and begin to fly in the world of reality and dreams. They are the future of the world. But there are various factors which affect these individuals which are known as the risk factors. It can be due to their high expectations towards life or other factors. Such situations inevitably lead to some level of helplessness, insecurity, stress and a sense of loss of control. These can have a negative impact in their lives and can lead to suicidal ideation. So, initiatives should be taken to identify these youngsters and provide the support they need for defeating all these negative factors and rise them high in their lives. It can be done only with the help of their parents, teachers, friends and the society along with suicide preventing resources.

A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching Hospital, to study the prevalence of superficial fungal infection and related risk factors through clinical diagnosis and to monitor the management of observed superficial fungal infections. Patients diagnosed with superficial fungal infections were selected for the study. Being familiar with the local epidemiology of fungal infections and knowledge of risk factors involved can guide use of antifungal drugs. Appropriate antifungal therapy improves outcomes. Tracking epidemiology helps to detect outbreaks and new risks. Data was collected from case sheets of the patients in a specially designed patient data collection form which include information on demographic characteristics viz. age, sex, clinical signs and symptoms, chief complaints of the patients, drugs used previously if any, drugs given etc. Data was analyzed to find out prevalence and risk factors.100 patients were included with age above 18 years, of which 46.6% were females and 53.4% were males. The most affected age group with superficial fungal infections was from 26-30 years in both males and females. Among all the causative organisms of superficial fungal infections, majority were caused by Tinea corporis (29%) followed by Tinea capitis (28%) and Tinea cruris (25%). Skin was the most affected site of superficial fungal infections followed by scalp, itching being the major symptom followed by redness at the site. In our study, farmers were the most affected socioeconomic group as the exposure of them to the causative organisms is greater.

Cardiovascular disease is considered the major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Also myocardial infraction is the main health problem. In 2015, about 15.9 million myocardial infraction occurred throughout the world. In the United States about one million people have an MI each year. Modifiable risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, depression, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, life style and excessive alcohol intake. Family history is also responsible for cardiovascular disease. Reperfusion injury include coronary thrombus formation followed by thrombolytic therapy.  By the physical examination with electrocardiogram findings and cardiac markers MI is diagnosed. Therapeutic intervention such as pharmacologic, non-pharmacologic and combination therapy improves the clinical outcomes in MI patient. This review focus on the risk factors, pathophysiology in relation to produce myocardial injury and on the cardioprotective treatment.