biological fluids

The majority of pharmaceuticals used today are chiral. A brief summary of various chiral separation principles and associated separation methods is provided in this review. Liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography (GC) are only a few of the recent advancements addressed. The creation of competent analytical techniques is essential for compliance with the numerous regulatory obligations. The rapid development of chiral separation technologies has been fueled by the current situation in which chirality factors are taken into account in therapeutic benefit and drug development. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) have unquestionably made important advancements in chiral chromatographic technology, opening the door to the quantification of specific enantiomers of a number of racemates in biological fluids such plasma, serum, urine, etc. Chiral compound separations and analyses are crucial in a variety of industries, such as biology, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and the creation of chemical intermediates.

Modafinil is a wakefulness - promoting agent  (or eugeroic) used for treatment of disorders such as narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and excessive  daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea.  It is sold under the brand names Alertec, Modavigil, and Provigil. Various analytical methods used for the estimation of Modafinil have been reviewed in this paper. These include Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry, RP-HPLC, Stability indicating RP-HPLC, HPTLC, Capillary zone electrophoresis, simultaneous determination by HPLC, LC-MS/MS, Liquid –liquid extraction,  HPLC , bidimensional HPLC, GC-MS and Solid-phase extraction followed by HPLC  in rat serum and urine  to determine the amount of Modafinil in bulk drug, pharmaceutical dosage form and biological fluids. These analytical methods can be used for qualitative and quantitative estimation of Modafinil in bulk, formulation and biological fluids.

Tramadol Hydrochloride is an opioid pain medication which is used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain. Various analytical methods used for the estimation of Tramadol hydrochloride has been reviewed in this paper. These include Ultraviolet spectrophotometry, Visible spectrometry, Spectrofluorimetry, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, Gas Chromatography- mass spectrometry, Cyclic Voltammetry, Liquid Chromatography-Electronspray ionization-mass spectrometry, Gas Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography- mass spectrometry, and Capillary Electrophoresis to determine the amount of Tramadol Hydrochloride in bulk drug, pharmaceutical dosage form and biological fluids. Stability indicating methods for Tramadol Hydrochloride are also described. These analytical methods can be used for qualitative and quantitative estimation of Tramadol Hydrochloride in bulk, formulation and biological fluids.