antibacterial activity

Indian medicinal plants are gaining popularity in treating several diseases. Due to the plants availability and less side effects people are showing more interest in Indian medicinal plants than other source of medications. The current review is a latest and wide-ranging analysis of ethnomedical information, pharmacological uses and phytoconstituents of Bougainvillea glabra. Traditionally, the plant is conveyed for the management of helminthiasis, diabetes and respiratory tract illnesses such as cough, cold & bronchitis. It has been proved several pharmacological activities like analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiulcer, antidiarrhoea and antilipidemic. Major phytoconstituents like terpenoid, carbohydrate, fatty acids and flavonoids have been reported in this plant. This helps in supporting the plant for future studies and uses on different disorders faced due to various reasons. Further investigation and research is still required for the plant to explore various medicinal properties.

A Novel series of 1-phenyl-5-(1H-pyrrol-1yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxilic acid hydrazide derivatives were prepared by a 4 step course of action starting with Phenyl Hydrazine and 2-(1-ethoxyethylidine)malononitrile, with good yields and simple reaction condition. Synthesized compounds were test for their antibacterial activities. The structures were confirmed by ES-MS, NMR analysis.

The study was designed to determine the in-vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of methanolic extract of Melia azedarach leaves.  Dried powder of leaves of Melia azedarach was extracted with methanol. The Melia azedarach extract was assayed for antibacterial and cytotoxic activities using agar well diffusion technique and brine shrimp lethality test, respectively. The methanolic extract of Melia azedarach showed moderate antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The methanolic extract of the plant exhibited strong cytotoxicity in the brine shrimp lethality bioassay test. These results indicated the use of Melia azedarach to treat infections with emphasis to isolate and characterize the active principle responsible for antibacterial and cytotoxic activities and its exploitation as therapeutic agent.

The novel metal chelates of 2-(8-quinolinol-5-yl)–methyl amino-5 -phenyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole (1) has been synthesized and their antimicrobial properties were evaluated. These compounds were synthesized by reaction of 2-(8-quinolinol-5-yl)–methyl amino-5 -phenyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole (1) with metal acetate and characterized using IR, 1H-NMR and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against microorganism P. Expansum. B. Thiobromine, Nigras pora Sp. T. roseum, A. Niger, B. megaterium, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. All of the compounds are active against the microorganism in which some are exhibited moderate to good activity, whereas some were less active.

A novel Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)  were synthesized and characterized. The characterization was done by using elemental analyses, molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, Mass, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy. The experimental data predict that all the complexes are mononuclear with M(II) being coordinated by a tetradentate Schiff base ligand through the deprotonated oxygen atom, nitrogen atom in thiazole ring and two azomethine nitrogen atoms. The data confirm that the complexes have the composition of [ML] Cl type. The electronic absorption spectral data of the complexes propose a square planar geometry around the central metal ion. The biological activities of the synthesized compounds were tested against bacteria by well-diffusion method.

Reaction of 4-chloro anthranilic acid 1 with chloroacetyl chloride followed by 4-fluoro aniline provides 7-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one 3, which on treatment with 2-chloro benzimidazole in the presence of potassium carbonate yielded 7-chloro-2-(2-chloro-benzoimidazol-1-ylmethyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3H-quinazolin-4-one 4. The latter on reaction with nitrogen nucleophiles in acetone containing K2CO3 and catalytic amount of KI gave novel 7-Chloro-3-(4-fluoro phenyl)-2-((substituted amino -1H-benz[d]imidazol-1-yl)methyl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives 5a-h. Furthermore all the compounds were also tested against Gram negative, Gram positive bacteria and fungi. Among the compound tested in this study, compounds 2-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-benzimidazol-1-ylmethyl)-3H-quinazolin-4-one (5b) and 2-(2-piperidin-1-yl-benzimidazol-1-ylmethyl)-3H-quinazolin-4-one (5c) found more potent against S. aureus and E. coli compare to reference standard ampicillin.

A series of novel benzimidazoles derivatives were synthesized in convenient, easy and cheap way. These benzimidazoles are characterized by bearing amino substituents (morpholine and N-methylpiperazine) at positions 5, in addition to pyrimidine, pyridine, furyl, thienyl and pyryl with amide linkage at positions 2. The methodology of such synthetic routes was represented in synthesis of novel structures that the microbes have never been presented with before; that would hopefully prevent the process in which microbes resist antimicrobial drugs. The structures of all new compounds were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, M.S and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. All the compounds synthesized in this work were examined for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), and the fungi (C.albicans and A.niger). Compared to Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole as the reference substances, some of the synthesized compounds showed high antibacterial and antifungal activities against studied strains with inhibition zones between (12-27) mm. 

The most common skin disease, acne vulgaris is inflammatory in nature and is caused by bacteria P. acne and S.epidermidis. The present study was carried out to formulate separately the topical anti acne formulations of coriander aqueous extract and its oil using carbopol as gelling agent and to compare them with marketed formulation. The developed formulations were compared for antimicrobial studies, viscosity and spreadibility, kinetics of release, in-vitro diffusion and permeation. The antibacterial study was conducted by well diffusion method. The permeation of the developed formulations was more than that of marketed one. The marketed formulation was found to be less effective than the coriander formulation.

Acne is a disease appearing simple but chronic in nature with multiple causative factors like bacteria, inflammation, hormones etc. The present study was conducted to formulate and evaluate the topical anti acne formulation of coriander aqueous extract. The antibacterial activity of aqueous extract against Propionibacterium acne (P. acne) and Staphylococcus epidermidis(S. epidermidis)  was investigated using disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by agar dilution method. The results showed that coriander aqueous extract showed the MIC values of 1.7 mg/ml and 2.1 mg/ml against P.acne and S. epidermidis respectively. The zone of inhibition exhibited by the aqueous extract was 21.5±1.4mm and 20.6±1.09mm against P.acne and S. epidermidis respectively. The topical formulations were developed using menthol as the penetration enhancer and tested for physical parameters, drug content uniformity, spreadibility, extrudability and in-vitro diffusion. It was reveled from the results that all the formulations showed the increased zone of inhibition for both of the bacteria. The formulations with the addition of penetration enhancer showed the increased drug content as well as the invitro release which increased with increase in the concentration of menthol. The formulation Fa11 showed the drug content (97.9%), in-vitro- diffusion (96.8%) and maximum stability among all the formulations. The optimized formulation showed the thixotropic behavior and first order release rate.

Acne is a disease appearing simple but chronic in nature with multiple causative factors like bacteria, inflammation, harmones etc. The present study was conducted to formulate and evaluate the topical anti acne formulation of coriander aqueous extract. The antibacterial activity of aqueous extract against Propionibacterium acne (P. acne) and Staphylococcus epidermidis(S. epidermidis)  was investigated using disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by agar dilution method. The results showed that coriander aqueous extract showed the MIC values of 1.7 mg/ml and 2.1 mg/ml against P.acne and S. epidermidis respectively. The zone of inhibition exhibited by the aqueous extract was 21.5±1.4mm and 20.6±1.09mm against P. acne and S. epidermidis respectively. The topical formulations were developed using menthol as the penetration enhancer and tested for physical parameters, drug content uniformity, spreadibility, extrudability and in-vitro diffusion. It was reveled from the results that all the formulations showed the increased zone of inhibition for both of the bacteria. The formulations with the addition of penetration enhancer showed the increased drug content as well as the invitro release which increased with increase in the concentration of menthol. The formulation Fa11 showed the drug content (97.9%), invitro- diffusion (96.8%) and maximum stability among all the formulations.