Diclofenac sodium

The main objective of present work is to formulate and evaluate Diclofenac sodium Effervescent tablets. Diclofenac sodium is an established analgesic developed for rapid absorption, which may be beneficial in treating acute migraine. Diclofenac sodium Effervescent tablets was prepared using excipients like sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, mannitol, sodium benzoate, talc, vanillin and varying concentrations of Sodium starch glycolate and croscarmellose using direct compression technique. The powder blend of all formulations were evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and Hausner’s ratio. All the prepared formulations were tested for physical parameters like weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability ,assay ,effervescence time, wetting time and PH and found to be within the pharmacopoeia limits .Optimized formulation was selected based on the criteria the max amount of drug release within 9 min. Among six formulations F3 was found to be the best formulation as more than 90% of drug is released within 9 min compared to other formulations. The drug release profiles of optimized Diclofenac sodium effervescent tablets was compared with that of dispersible marketed product and it was observed that the drug release from effervescent tablets was much faster than that of marketed dispersible tablets. 

The main objective of present investigation is to formulate fast dissolving tablets of Diclofenac sodium and to evaluate flow, mechanical and release properties of diclofenac sodium tablets formulated by using two different super disintegrating agents namely sodium starch glycolate and microcrystalline cellulose. Two batches of formulations were prepared. F1 to F4 are formulated by using SSG with varying concentrations of 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg & 40 mg. similarly next four formulations (F5 to F8) were formulated by taking MCC as superdisintegrant with varying concentrations of 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg & 40 mg. All the eight formulations are having good flow properties and are prepared by direct compression technique.  Compatibility studies were conducted by using FTIR and all the excipients used in the formulation were compatible with the drug.  All the eight formulations shows first order release. The dissolution kinetics was presented in Table 5. The dissolution rate followed first-order kinetics as the graphs drawn between log % drug unreleased vs time were found to be linear. The dissolution rate of diclofenac sodium was found to be effected by the concentration of the superdisintegrant (sodium starch glycolate) used in the preparation of tablets. Based on the dissolution rate, the order of drug release from the four formulations was F4> F3> F2> F1. The formulation prepared with 40 mg of sodium starch glycolate (F4) was offered relatively rapid release of diclofenac sodium when compared with other concentrations employed in this investigation.

The aim of the study was to formulate colon targeted diclofenac sodium alginate beads. The beads were formulated by ionotropic gelation using sodium alginate as polymer, calcium carbonate as an internal cross linking agent and calcium chloride as an external cross linking agent. The optimized beads contained Neusilin and coated with Eudragit L100. The beads were analyzed in terms of, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), particle size and morphology. Swelling properties were studied in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.4). In vitro drug release was studied in SGF, pH 1.2, SIF, pH 6.8 and SIF, pH 7.4. The results show that the particle size of the beads ranged from 1.98 ± 0.40 to 2.80 ± 0.30 mm. The optimized batch containing Neusilin® had the highest EE% of 72 % significantly higher than other batches (p < 0.05). The degree of swelling of the beads was zero in SGF and about 90 % in SIF at 100 min. The results of the in vitro release showed that the beads had 0 % release in SGF, pH, 1.2 at 2 h, about 3 % in SIF, pH 6.8 at 4 h and 9 % drug release in SIF, pH 7.4 at 9 h. Therefore, sodium alginate beads could be used for colon delivery of diclofenac sodium. 

Colon specific tablets of Oxaliplatin combined with anti-inflammatory agents, Diclofenac sodium were prepared using guar gum as matrix carriers in varying concentrations from 40% to 65%. The drug combination in the tablet was estimate simultaneously using newly developed and validated UV derivative spectroscopy method. In vitro drug release profile was studied in changing media method, first in 0.1N HCl for two hours followed by 3 hours in phosphate buffer media, pH 7.4 (PB7.4) and in simulated colon fluid (phosphate buffer pH 6.8 added with rat ceacal content) (SCF) for 19 hours. The drug release profiles from PB7.4 and simulated colon fluid were found to be dependent on the gaur gum concentration. Matrix tablets of oxaliplatin and diclofenac sodium combination with 60% w/w Gaur gum showed a total release of ~66% of Oxaliplatin and ~53% of Diclofenac sodium after 24 hrs. The colon tissue homogenate studies conducted after oral administration of the optimized matrix tablet in New Zealand Rabbits showed 156 µg oxaliplatin and 96 µg Diclofenac sodium recovery in 24 hours.  X-ray Images of matrix tablets containing barium sulphate in Rabbit showed tablets to be intact in small intestine (6 hours after administration) but were diffused and spread out in large intestine and colon confirming enzyme mediated erosion of the tablet in these regions. 

The present manuscript describes simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate, precise and economical Q-absorbance ratio method for the simultaneous determination of diclofenac sodium and eperisone hydrochloride in bulk and synthetic mixture. Absorbance ratio method uses the ratio of absorbances at two selected wavelengths, one which is an isoabsorptive point and other being the λ-max of one of the two components. Eperisone hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium show an isoabsorptive point at 270 nm in methanol. The second wavelength used is 255 nm, which is the λ-max of eperisone hydrochloride in methanol. The linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 2-20 μg/ml for both eperisone hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium. The concentrations of the drugs were determined by using ratio of absorbances at isoabsorptive point and at the λ-max of eperisone hydrochloride. The method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical dosage form because no interference from the synthetic mixture excipients was found. The suitability of this method for the quantitative determination of eperisone hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium was proved by validation. The proposed method was found to be simple and sensitive for the routine quality control application of eperisone hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium in synthetic mixture or pharmaceutical dosage form. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies. 

The present manuscript describes simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate, precise and economical derivative spectroscopic method for the simultaneous determination of tolperisone hydrochloride (TOL) and diclofenac sodium (DIC) in bulk and synthetic mixture. Derivative spectroscopy offers a useful approach for the analysis of drugs in mixtures. In this study a first-derivative spectroscopic method was used for simultaneous determination of tolperisone hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium using the zero-crossing technique. The measurements were carried out at wavelengths of 250.60 and 311.20nm for tolperisone hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium respectively. The method was found to be linear (r2>0.9970) in the range of 5- 40 μg/ml for tolperisone hydrochloride at 250.60 nm. The linear correlation was obtained (r2>0.9990) in the range of 5-50 μg/ml for diclofenac sodium at 311.20 nm. The limit of determination was 0.65 and 0.55 μg/ml for tolperisone hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium respectively. The limit of quantification was 2.01 and 1.67 μg/ml. The method was successfully applied for simultaneous determination of tolperisone hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium in binary mixture.

The present manuscript describes simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate, precise and economical Q-absorbance ratio method for the simultaneous determination of diclofenac sodium and tolperisone hydrochloride in bulk and synthetic mixture. Absorbance ratio method uses the ratio of absorbances at two selected wavelengths, one which is an isoabsorptive point and other being the λ-max of one of the two components. Tolperisone hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium show an isoabsorptive point at 267 nm in methanol. The second wavelength used is 255 nm, which is the λ-max of tolperisone hydrochloride in methanol. The linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 2-20 μg/ml for both tolperisone hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium. The concentrations of the drugs were determined by using ratio of absorbances at isoabsorptive point and at the λ-max of tolperisone hydrochloride. The method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical dosage form because no interference from the synthetic mixture excipients was found. The suitability of this method for the quantitative determination of tolperisone hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium was proved by validation. The proposed method was found to be simple and sensitive for the routine quality control application of tolperisone hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium in synthetic mixture or pharmaceutical dosage form. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies.

  Diclofenac sodium (DFS) is a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drug, used in the treatment of inflammation and degenerative disorder of the musculoskeletal system. The present study is based on the preparation of DFS topical gel for the purpose of obtaining optimized gel which will give better results considering the formulation and patient compliance. For the preparation of topical gel carbopol polymer and different excipients are used for final preparation. The calendula oil is used as penetration enhancer in this final formulation in different concentration. These formulations with and without calendula oil were compared with marketed preparation with respect to its permeation, pH, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability. Permeation experiments were performed on excised rat skin (675/02/C/CPCSEA or GNCP/IAEC/2011-2012/Pharmaceutics-2). On the basis of in–vitro drug diffusion study and other properties of gel, we have concluded that calendula oil is best penetration enhancer for DFS gel. The solubility of DFS in the solvent system containing 1%calendula oil also checked and it was similar to that without enhancer. These results suggest that the enhancing effect of calendula oil is independent on the solubility of drug in the solvent system and were dependent on the concentration of calendula oil.