Antioxidants

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) constitutes one of the most persistent gastroenterological disorders worldwide, with significant morbidity linked to gastric acid hypersecretion, oxidative stress, Helicobacter pylori infection, NSAID exposure, and compromised mucosal defensive integrity. Although numerous pharmacological options—including proton pump inhibitors, H? antagonists, prostaglandin analogues, and antibiotics—are available, their long-term utility remains constrained by adverse effects, recurrence, microbial resistance, and inadequate mucosal restitution. This has catalysed renewed scientific interest in botanicals with multifaceted gastroprotective actions. Trichosanthes dioica (Roxb.) leaves represent a phytochemically dense cucurbitaceous plant component historically utilized in Indian ethnomedicine for gastrointestinal, metabolic, hepatic, and inflammatory conditions. However, compared to fruits and roots, the leaves remain considerably under-investigated despite their rich flavonoid, phenolic, triterpenoid, saponin, and cucurbitacin profile. This review undertakes a rigorous pharmacognostic, phytochemical, mechanistic, and experimental examination of the gastroprotective potential of T. dioica leaves. Mechanistic emphasis is placed on antioxidant reinforcement, modulation of oxidative microenvironment, regulation of prostaglandin-mediated defence, inhibition of parietal proton pump activity, suppression of inflammatory cascades, stabilization of mast cells, modulation of nitric oxide bioavailability, and acceleration of epithelial restitution. The article aligns with the structural, stylistic, and referencing standards of the American Journal of PharmTech Research (AJPTR). The cumulative evidence demonstrates that T. dioica leaves exhibit significant gastroprotective effects, warranting their consideration as a promising phytopharmaceutical candidate for future antiulcer therapeutics.

About 1,685,210 new cancer cases are expected to be diagnosed in 2016. Superoxide dismutase protect against oxygen free radicals by catalyzing the removal of superoxide radicals  hydrogen peroxide mediated LPO. B(a)P induces the oxidation of mitochondrial NADPH.  An increase in the NADP+/NADPH ratio, the low availability of substrate NADPH may be responsible for the decrease in the activity of GR. Reduced glutathione, vitamin C and α-tocopherol comprise the non-enzymatic antioxidant components which protects the cells against the deleterious effects of the free radicals. Phase I & II metabolizing enzymes plays an important role in the detoxification of electrophilic toxicants and their induction protects against carcinogenesis and mutagenesis.

The present study investigates protective effects of Rosmarinus officinalis on oxidative stress and cardiac markers in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in rats. METHOD: Male albino wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=6). Group I received 0.5% CMC treated as normal control group. Group II received isoproterenol (85 mg/kg body weight .s.c) for two consecutive days (29th and 30th days). Group III received combination of Rosmarinus officinalis (100 mg/kg) intragastric intubation for 30 days. Group IV rats received combination of Rosmarinus officinalis as in Group III and additionally isoproterenol was given for two consecutive days (29th and 30th days). Induction of rats with ISO resulted in a well-marked elevation in lipid peroxidation and cardiac marker enzymes whereas, antioxidant activities were significantly reduced. Rosmarinus officinalis in resulted in significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and cardic marker enzymes. In addition, significant elevation of antioxidant activities was also observed in Rosmarinus officinalis in treated rats. When compared to the individual treatment groups. These findings conclude that Rosmarinus officinalis exhibited the protective effect of ISO induced myocardial infarction in rats.

Plant derived medicines are popularly used nowadays considering their natural origin and low side effects. Phytochemical compounds are responsible for their various biological activities. Qualitative evaluation of such formulations is a challenging task due to high variability of their chemical components. This work aimed at preparing and evaluating a polyherbal anti-stress medicine, formulated using four potent Ayurvedic drugs namely Withania somnifera, Valeriana wallichii, Bacopa monnieri and Piper longum and also isolating a bioactive marker compound from the same.The formulation was prepared as per classical methods of Ayurveda and analysed for physicochemical characters like loss on drying, total ash content, acid insoluble ash, water soluble extractive value and alcohol soluble extractive value by standard methods. Phytochemical analysis was performed for detecting presence of carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, Terpenoids, glycosides and saponins and for estimating active groups like total phenolic content, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography fingerprint profiling was performed to confirm the presence of various phytocompounds. The biomarker compound was isolated by column chromatography method and characterized by UV-Visible, H1-NMR, C13-NMR and Mass spectroscopy methods. Physicochemical analysis showed presence of about 18% water soluble components and about 14% alcohol soluble components. Preliminary phytochemical analysis confirmed presence of carbohydrate, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, phytosterols and saponins. Quantitative analysis showed presence of about 7.6% phenols, 1.3% flavonoids, 1.1% tannins and 3.5% saponins. Spectroscopic study indicated isolated compound is a phenolic compound 3, 4, 5-tri hydroxybenzoic acid.

Phytochemicals are dependable sources for the treatment of different health problems. In this study, antioxidant activities of different sequential extracts (petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous) of root and inflorescences of Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Family: Amaranthaceae) was done by different standard methods of phytochemical screening. Our finding reveals that all the extracts of A. aspera root and inflorescences contain alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, reducing sugar and saponin in appreciable, moderate and trace amount. Observed result showed that the phytochemical contents are high in different sequential extracts of root than sequential extracts of inflorescences. Due to rich source of phytochemicals, this plant is may be used for herbal medicine.

  Isoprenoids are one of the largest groups of natural products comprising numerous compounds with important roles in physiological and pathological processes. High intake of fruits and vegetables has proven to show protective action against different cancer types. Diet-derived isoprenoids represent promising cancer therapeutic agents. Monoterpenes such as Geraniol (GOH), found in essential oils of citrus fruits, cherry, mint, and herbs, are non-nutritive dietary micro constituents mainly responsible for the distinctive fragrance of many plants; have anticancer activities. In the present study the cytoprotective efficacy of geraniol, an acyclic monoterpene alcohol was evaluated in Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] induced lung cancer in male Swiss Albino mice. Level of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Vitamin C, Vitamin E, glycoproteins and Lung marker enzymes were studied.  Oral administration of Geraniol (150 mg/kg body weight) helped in maintaining the cellular redox status of the animals which plays an important role in cellular function there by increasing the efficiency of antioxidant defense system and reducing the adverse effects of cancer. Key Words: Antioxidants, Isoprenoids, Benzo(a)Pyrene, Geraniol, lung cancer.