Sachin

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a critical subpopulation driving tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Their remarkable plasticity and ability to self-renew underlie cancer’s resilience and recurrence following conventional treatments. Recent advances in liquid biopsy technology have transformed cancer diagnostics by enabling the minimally invasive detection and dynamic monitoring of tumor-derived materials, including circulating tumor cells, cell-free nucleic acids, and exosomes. This review synthesizes the current landscape of CSC biomarkers, encompassing classical surface markers, epigenetic and metabolic signatures, and emerging multi-omic molecular profiles. We assess how these biomarkers are integrated into advanced liquid biopsy platforms, evaluating their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity as well as their clinical utility in tracking CSC dynamics throughout cancer progression and therapy. Technical challenges such as isolating rare CSC populations and distinguishing CSC-specific signals from normal stem cells are addressed, alongside developments in single-cell analysis, computational modeling, and multiplexed marker assays enhancing biomarker precision. Furthermore, we highlight the tumor microenvironment’s role in modulating CSC phenotypes and implications for biomarker reliability. By bridging foundational CSC biology with cutting-edge technologies in liquid biopsy, this review outlines translational strategies to better detect, characterize, and target CSCs, ultimately striving to improve outcomes by overcoming therapeutic resistance and reducing cancer relapse.

A new simple, rapid, precise and accurate assay method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Bilastine and Montelukast in pure form and tablet form. The analytes were separated by RP HPLC on a RP-Purosnosphere C18 column (5 µm, 4.6mm* 250 mm).The mobile phase was Acetonitrile: water: methanol (30:25:45 v/v) at 1.1 ml/min flow rate satisfactorily resolve the tertiary mixture. The UV detector was operated at 214 nm for the determination of all the drugs. Linearity, accuracy and precision were found to be acceptable over the concentration ranges of 10-50 µg/ml for Bilastine and 5-25 µg/ml for Montelukast with a R2 0.9960 and 0.9974 values respectively. The optimized methods proved to be specific, robust and accurate for the quality control of drugs in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations.

The intricate structures of the eye's posterior segment pose significant challenges for effective drug delivery in the treatment of various diseases. Current modalities, such as topical and intraocular medications, often face barriers that limit their penetration, residence time, and bioavailability. This necessitates frequent dosing, impacting patient compliance and quality of life. Suprachoroidal injection emerges as a novel and promising approach for targeted drug delivery to the posterior segment. The suprachoroidal space, situated between the sclera and choroid, provides a minimally invasive route for medication delivery, offering advantages like higher drug concentrations, increased bioavailability, and prolonged action. This method also mitigates the risk of adverse events associated with other routes, particularly corticosteroid-related complications. This review discusses the potential of suprachoroidal injection, highlighting its benefits in overcoming anatomical barriers and improving therapeutic outcomes. However, further research is crucial to address existing challenges, including technological advancements, injection techniques, and considerations of cost and accessibility. Exploring synergies with biotech products, gene therapies, and cell-based treatments can pave the way for personalized and effective strategies in managing posterior segment eye diseases.

A simple Reverse phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed and subsequently validated for estimation of lansoprazole in tablet dosage form. The separation was carried out using a mobile phase consisting of Methanol and 0.1% OPA (Ortho Phosphoric Acid) in the ratio of 70:30. The column used was C18 and 250 mm length with flow rate of 1.2 ml / min using UV detection at 285nm. The described method was linear over a concentration range of 10-50 μg/ml for the assay of Lansoprazole. The retention time of Lansoprazole was found to be 6.6 min, and all the results of analysis were validated statistically. The results of the study showed that the proposed RP-HPLC method is simple, rapid, precise and accurate, which is useful for the routine determination of Lansoprazole in tablet dosage form and in its pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Murraya koenigi is a medium sized tree belonging to the family Rutaceae. The major constituents present in the Murraya koenigii leaves treat burns, bruises. Ayurveda is a traditional Indian medicinal system practiced for thousands of years. Natural remedies are more acceptable in the faith that they are safer with less side effects than the synthetic ones. The novel formulations are reported to have remarkable advantages over conventional formulations of plant actives and extracts which include enhancement of solubility, bioavailability, protection from toxicity, enhancement of pharmacological activity, enhancement of stability, improved tissue macrophages distribution, sustained delivery and protection from physical and chemical degradation. Our main purpose is to treat/heal wound at faster rate with minimum side effects. Nanosponges alone are difficult to use on local tissues because they diffuse away to other parts of the body very quickly so to overcome the drawback we combined nanosponges with the herbal extract of Murraya Koenigii. According to literature survey it was found that etanolic and aqueous extract shows good wound healing results. Research on curry leaves revealed that they are also effective in fighting bacterial and fungal infections. The leaf extracts from the plant have been comparable to popular main stream antibiotic drugs. During this research work, we prepared ethanolic extract of Murraya Koenigii leaves and prepared nanosponges from it for treating burn wound. The nanosponges are prepared by Quasi emulsion solvent diffusion method. The prepared nanosponges were evaluated for various in-vitro parameters and the results obtained were satisfactory.

Autophagy is an intracellular   has demonstrated that autophagy plays a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological roles, which are sometimes complex. Autophagy consists of several sequential steps sequestration, transport to lysosomes, degradation, and utilization of degradation products and each step may exert different function. In this review, the process of autophagy is summarized, and the role of autophagy is discussed in various diseases like Cancer, Neurodegenerative disease etc. 

The aim of the present work is to develop hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer based control release matrix tablet of Ropinirole HCl (RPN) which can release the drug up to time period of 24 hr. Ropinirole is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist. Its biological half-life is about 5-6 hrs periods, It is given in dose of 8-10mg/day; it requires multiple dosing to maintain therapeutic drug blood levels. The most frequent side effect of RPN Immediate Release(IR) dosage form is fluctuations in plasma level concentration of drug which may lead to development of some symptoms of Parkinson Disease (PD). To avoid this, the control release formulation maintains steady plasma level concentration of drug throughout a period of 24 hrs, which avoids the symptom of PD. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis confirmed the absence of any drug polymer interaction. In present work different matrices are used to control release of Ropinirole. HPMC K100M, HPMC K15M, Gum guar, PEO etc. are used as Hydrophilic Release Rate Modifier. Hydrophobic release rate used are Ethyl cellulose, Glyceryl Monostearate, Hydrogenated Castor Oil. Tablets (F1-F12, F29-F35) were prepared by Direct Compression and other batches (F12-F25) by Melt Granulation Technique. The tablets were evaluated for thickness, diameter, weight variation test, hardness, friability, and drug content. In vitro drug release studies were carried out in citrate buffer (pH 4) using a USP II dissolution apparatus at 100 rpm, Batch F29 give 96% CDR till the period of 24 hr, it also avoids initial burst release. The best fit model for F29 formulation follows Zero order  (r2= 0.989) and n value was found to be 0.91 which signified that release pattern of optimized batch F29 follows the Fickian diffusion. SEM study of F29 was also performed. During Accelerated Stability studies formulation F29 was found to be stable. Thus the matrix tablets of Ropinirole HCl were prepared successfully.

Milk is foremost constituent of the diet; its quality assurance is considered essential to the welfare of a community. Usually milk is contaminated with different kinds of microorganisms at milk collecting places. Various bacterial colonies in milk were analyzed by performing morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization. We identified variable bacterial species in different milk products like fresh curd, Buffalo milk, Chocolate, which were collected from local market of Lucknow. Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus fermenti and Pseudomonas morphologically and biochemically were identified where bacteria were especially gram negative. Furthermore, 16SrDNA molecular characterization was also done in this study. It was also observed that multiple bacterial species were responsible for single milk and milk product spoilage. The isolates could be used as indicators of microbial quality. Further study will be open a new area for the researcher working in this direction. Milk microflora includes spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Many milk borne diseases such as tuberculosis, brucellosis and typhoid fever are caused due to spoilage of milk and milk products. In the processing of milk, some of them may produce undesirable effects and some micro-organisms produce food infections which can either carry the pathogens that will increase the likelihood of infection of the consumers food. The smooth colonies with entire edge contamination of milk and milk products are largely due to human factor and unhygienic conditions.

Nanotoxicology is an emerging new multidisciplinary field of science. This new technology deals with measures, manipulates, and manufactures at the atomic, molecular, and supramolecular levels, aimed at creating materials, devices, and systems with fundamentally new molecular organizations, properties, and functions associated with greater strength, stability, chemical and biological activity. They are used in rapidly increasing nanoproducts, nanodevices, electronics, diagnostics and drug delivery systems. They are present in a variety of consumer products such as foods, drugs, cosmetics, food colour additives, food containers, paints and surface coatings. Because of their extremely small size they are capable of entering the human body by inhalation, ingestion, skin penetration, intravenous injections and medical devices, and have the potential to interact with intracellular macromolecules. Because of their greater stability they are anticipated to remain in the body and in the environment for long periods of time. However, information on their potential adverse health effects is very limited at the present time. It is not known at what concentration or size they can exhibit toxicity. Therefore, there are obvious public safety concerns. This has led to the initiation of a new research discipline commonly known as Nanotoxicology. The current review article reveals the concept of Nanotoxicology from nanomedicine and non-medical nanoparticles.

The present research work focuses on improving the bioavailability of the anti osteoporotic drug Risedronate Sodium. This drug belongs to BCS class III which implies that it is permeability rate limited. Hence an attempt was made to reduce the particle size to nano dimensions using ionotropic gelation technique. In this technique, chitosan was used as the polymer and sodium Tri poly Phosphate was used as the cross linking agent. The resulting nanoparticles were optimized using 32 full factorial design and characterized for their entrapment efficiency, percent yield, in vitro diffusion studies. The particle size and zeta potential was found out and surface morphology was studied using Scanning electron microscopy. The in vivo studies clearly showed a marked improvement in the bioavailability of the nanoparticles as compared to the plain drug suspension.