Jyoti Saxena

Since, the last four decades, the concept of mucoadhesion has achieved a much valuable interest in the various fields of pharmaceutics. There are many advantages of mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery system that made this a novel drug delivery system for the local as well as systemic delivery of various drugs. The main advantage of this drug delivery system is that it prolongs the residence time of the dosage form at the site of application. Due to the high blood supply and relatively high permeability of the buccal mucosa, the buccal cavity is the best option for both local as well as systemic delivery of various drugs. The main prospect of writing this review article is to present comprehensive information related to mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. The article has highlighted all the aspects of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems which will be helpful for researches and academics. The article includes detailed information about mucosa- the anatomy and physiology, the mechanisms and theories related to mucoadhesion, evaluation parameters of mucoadhesive dosage forms, mucoadhesive polymers and novel approaches related to mucoadhesive drug delivery system. Drug actions can be improved by new drug delivery system, such as mucoadhesive system. This system remains in close contact with the absorption tissue, the mucous membrane, releasing the drug at the action site leading to improvement in both local and systemic effects. The potential merits and demerits of mucoadhesive drug delivery as well as that of the polymers are also discussed. It helps enhance the bioavailability through bypassing the first-pass metabolism effect. The mucosal surface better absorption and prolong resident time. Bioadhesion can be defined as the phenomenon of interfacial molecular attractive force in midst of the surface of the biological substrate and the natural or synthetic polymers, which allows the polymers to adhere to the biological surface for an extended period of time.

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(L)) is an annual Herbaceous legume upto 3m in height, abundant in Tropical region of Africa and Asia. The plant has many indigenous system of Medications like Ayurveda, siddha and has been a part of many Traditional literatures. It is drought resistant and sustainable to wide range of soil types. In north Indian states it is cultivated for guar gum production and for use as forage. Plant is well known for its disease protective properties due to the presence of many bioactive components. Various parts such as leaves, seeds and pods are used in asthma, diabetes, inflammation, as Laxative, antibilious, anticholesteric, appetite depressor and hypolipidemic agent. Researchers have reported the presence of many essential Phytochemicals in plant responsible for the antioxidant activity of plant. Present review is an effort to describe the traditional uses, phytochemical identification, pharmacological activities and Bioactive components of plant.

Antioxidants play a vital role in protection against various diseases and disorders. In search for new antioxidants, nutraceuticals are extensively studied for their preventive effects. Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn., commonly known as Kodo millet, is a minor millet found in India having pharmacological importance. Whole grains of kodo millet were evaluated for its antioxidant potential. Five different extracts of kodo millet, i.e. 70% ethanol, 70% methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts were screened for their reducing capacity and free radical scavenging capacity. 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Assay was performed using ascorbic acid as standard at 515 nm. The reducing capacity was measured at 700 nm with ascorbic acid as reference standard. Highest radical quenching was observed in ethanol extract, 64.609 ± 0.131µg/ml Ascorbic Acid Equivalent (AAE). The reducing capacity was found maximum in ethanol extract, followed by methanol. All the extracts showed antioxidant potential and the hydro-alcoholic extracts, i.e. methanol and ethanol showed high reducing and radical scavenging capacity respectively. The results of preliminary study indicate that the grains of Paspalum scrobiculatum have good antioxidant potential and these can be used as potent Nutraceutical against target diseases which can be studied further.

In recent times, interest has focused on phytochemicals as new sources of natural antioxidants. Therefore, the methanolic crude extracts of Acorus calamus, Lantana camara, Plumbago zeylanica and clitoria ternatea, were screened for total phenols, flavonoids, and free radical scavenging activity. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). Significant differences in DPPH scavenging activity were found between the species investigated, ranging from 26.36 ± 1.00% to 91.14 ± 1.02%. The highest radical scavenging activity was observed in Acorus calamus (91.14 ±1.02% inhibition). The total phenol content of the investigated species ranged from 23.43±0.18 to 57.33± 2.21 mg GAE/g extract, while flavonoid content ranged from 5.76±2.12 to 20.17 ± 2.72 mg QE/g extract. A weak linear correlation between total phenolic or flavonoid content and antioxidant activity was found (correlation coefficient, R2 =0.2319 and R2 = 0.2605, respectively). Key Words: Acorus calamus, Lantana camara, Plumbago zeylanica and Clitoria ternatea, phenolic content, flavonoid content, antioxidant