parameters

Since, the last four decades, the concept of mucoadhesion has achieved a much valuable interest in the various fields of pharmaceutics. There are many advantages of mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery system that made this a novel drug delivery system for the local as well as systemic delivery of various drugs. The main advantage of this drug delivery system is that it prolongs the residence time of the dosage form at the site of application. Due to the high blood supply and relatively high permeability of the buccal mucosa, the buccal cavity is the best option for both local as well as systemic delivery of various drugs. The main prospect of writing this review article is to present comprehensive information related to mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. The article has highlighted all the aspects of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems which will be helpful for researches and academics. The article includes detailed information about mucosa- the anatomy and physiology, the mechanisms and theories related to mucoadhesion, evaluation parameters of mucoadhesive dosage forms, mucoadhesive polymers and novel approaches related to mucoadhesive drug delivery system. Drug actions can be improved by new drug delivery system, such as mucoadhesive system. This system remains in close contact with the absorption tissue, the mucous membrane, releasing the drug at the action site leading to improvement in both local and systemic effects. The potential merits and demerits of mucoadhesive drug delivery as well as that of the polymers are also discussed. It helps enhance the bioavailability through bypassing the first-pass metabolism effect. The mucosal surface better absorption and prolong resident time. Bioadhesion can be defined as the phenomenon of interfacial molecular attractive force in midst of the surface of the biological substrate and the natural or synthetic polymers, which allows the polymers to adhere to the biological surface for an extended period of time.

Published reports of comparison of erythrocyte parameters for newly enrolled urban and rural junior secondary school students in different geographical zone in Nigeria are relatively scanty. To determine and compare erythrocyte parameters of newly enrolled urban and rural junior secondary school students in south-south and south-east, Nigeria. The study population was a total of 240 subjects (60 male and 60 female subjects for each urban and rural area) of JSS1 students. 5mls of blood sample were collected from ante cubital vein with minimum stasis and the values of Red blood cell count, Haemoglobin, Mean cell volume, Mean cell haemoglobin, Mean cell haemoglobin concentration, Red cell distribution coefficient volume, Red cell distribution standard deviation and Haematocrit, was determined by MAXCOM MC- 6200 fully automated haematology analyzer, while the data were analyzed using Z-test; p value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. There were significant gender variations in the values of these parameters in both urban and rural newly enrolled students. The mean values of Haemoglobin, Mean cell volume, Mean cell haemoglobin, Red cell distribution width standard deviation and Haematocrit were significantly higher in rural males and females compared to urban males and females (p˂0.05). No significant differences were found in mean values of red blood cell count and Coefficient variation of red cell distribution width when compared both rural and urban males and females. From the above study, there is variation in the gender, age and some erythrocyte parameters amongst newly enrolled urban and rural junior secondary school students under investigation.