Aparna

Adolescence is a crucial developmental period characterized by significant physical, psychological, and emotional changes. Parental attachment and self-esteem are critical factors influencing adolescents' mental well-being. To assess parental attachment and self-esteem levels among adolescent girls and to examine their interrelationship. A descriptive correlational study was conducted among 100 adolescent girls aged 16 to 18 years at SFS PU College, Tamaka, Kolar. Data were collected using the Kenny’s Parental Attachment Questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and Chi-square tests to identify associations with demographic variables. The majority (80%) of participants exhibited moderate parental attachment, while 55% had high self-esteem. A positive correlation (r = 0.195, p < 0.05) was observed between parental attachment and self-esteem. Significant associations were found between self-esteem and demographic variables such as age and stream (p < 0.05). Strengthening parental bonds may positively impact adolescents' self-esteem and overall psychological well-being. Further intervention studies are recommended to explore effective strategies for fostering parental attachment.

ABSTRACT: Ayurveda has achieved its proper position at international level & set up with weapons to solve many critical problems of human being. Different formulation methodologies prepared with various herbs & their administrations are collectively discussed in Bhaishajya Kalpana. Five basic methodologies called Panchavidh Kashay Kalpana are stated. Though these kalpanas are effective posses some limitations regarding taste, smell & shelf-life. So some derived formulations are designed by acharya based mainly on extraction of active ingredient. The term Arka used for the procedure indicates that it is the most applicable and potent formulation. While doing pharmaceutical preparations it is observed that some drugs having volatile constituents as active principles, loose their potency after boiling to obtain such volatile aromatic content, Arka Kalpana is developed. The Arka kalpana described in Vedas(1) can be traced in the form of liquors and named as ‘Parisruta’. Parisruta is the alcoholic preparation made by the process of distillation. Arka Prakash the special text describing Arka stated isolation of arka not only from herbs & flowers but also from substances belonging to animal kingdom. In this thesis pharmaceutical preparation of Gomutra Arka is done by using domestic cooker as well as simple distillation apparatus. Open pan evaporation of Gomutra was also done to rule out the time required & temperature consumed. Cooker method arka preparation was done as pilot study. Based on the values obtained, groups of experiments changing initial quantity of raw material & keeping time & temperature constant & vice versa was done. Composition of Gomutra & it's utility is very well known today, but its dispersion has some limits due to smell, taste, availability of proper sources. So Gomutra Arka was prepared and studied analytically in terms of organoleptic test & chemical analysis was also done. Keyword: Gomutra, Arka kalpana, Gomutra Arka

Pain is a major public health issue throughout the world and represents a major clinical, social and economic problem. It is a single centre, prospective, observational study done at Apollo hospitals, Jubilee hills, Hyderabad for a period of 6 months (January’17-June’17). A total of 121 patients were considered of the age group (18-80) years with complaints of pain admitted in Medical ICU, Neurology ICU, Surgical ICU, Cardiac ICU and General wards. The cases were observed for types of pain and to compare the agreement between the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) & Faces scale in non- sedated patients & Critical Care Pain Observation Scale (CPOT) & Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) in sedated patients. Out of 121 patients the most common type of pain was nociceptive pain. Kappa test was used to assess agreement between scales. A substantial agreement of 0.63 was seen between NRS and Faces (uni-dimensional scale) in non-sedated patients while almost perfect agreement of 0.92 was seen between CPOT and BPS (multi-dimensional scale) in sedated patients. On comparing scales it was observed that greater agreement was between NRS and Faces while assessing pain in non-sedated patients and CPOT and BPS while assessing pain in sedated patients. Therefore, it can be said that the association or use of these scales might improve in better pain score assessment which would ease the pain management practices in a hospital setting.

The aim of the current study was to formulate and characterize oral floating alginate microspheres of Rebamipide to sustain the gastric residence time and to target gastritis. The floating alginate microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation technique. Sodium alginate was used as polymer, sodium bicarbonate as gas generating agent, calcium chloride as cross-linking agent, HPMC K4, HPMC K15 as rate retarding agent. Microspheres were characterized for the Micromeretic properties, entrapment efficiency, buoyancy test, SEM analysis, FTIR, and in vitro release studies. The release studies were carried out in 0.1N HCl and the results were applied to various kinetic models.  Among the total 14 formulations F12 was optimized. The % yield of F12 formulation was found to be 93.73%. On the basis of optical microscopy, the particle size was 79.45±0.09µm. The % buoyancy, % entrapment efficiency and swelling index of F12 formulation was 94.2%, 95.5% and 96.16, respectively. The Cumulative % drug release of F12 formulation was 96.12±0.22% in 12h when compared with marketed product 95.15±0.23 in 1h.  SEM studies showed the particles were in spherical shape. Based on obtained results, floating alginate microspheres were of good candidate for targeting to GIT in the efficient management of gastritis.

Chronobiology is the science deals with the biological mechanism of the diseases according to a time structure. The variations in the pharmacological actions of various drugs over a period of time. Putting this all together, chronotherapeutics considering the timing of drug delivery according to inherent activities of a disease over a certain period of time. With the advancement in the field of chronobiology, modern drug delivery approaches have been elevated to a new concept of chronopharmacology, that is the ability to deliver the drugs on a specific preprogrammed pattern i.e. at appropriate time and at appropriate site of action. chronopharmaceutical technology advantageous to the application range, the ease of manufacturing, the cost effectiveness and the flexibility in the pharmacokinetic profile. It also provide perfect therapy by targeting to the specific site at most appropriate time. The mechanisms are associated with the 24- hour rhythms of biochemical and physiological behavioral processes under the control of the circadian clock. Research in chronobiology described the importance of biological rhythms in drug delivery that timing of drug delivery has significant effect on treatment success. So this can be concluded that chronomodulated drug delivery system provides a solution for delivery of drugs for those disease conditions regulated by circadian rhythm.  present article gives an overview of various types of chronomodulated drug delivery systems and also tries to highlights some of the recent advances being done in chronopharmaceutical drug delivery system.

Anxiety disorders are marked by excessive fear, often in response to specific objects or situations and in the absence of true danger and they are extremely common in the general population. According to a recent epidemiological study, the lifetime prevalence of any anxiety disorder is 28.8%. Anxiety disorders are associated with impaired workplace performance and hefty economic costs. The clinical applications of benzodiazepines as anxiolytic are limited by their side effects. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Solanum Nigrum leaves.  Elevated plus maze test, light/dark test used. In the elevated plus maze, aqueous and ethanolic extracts (400mg/kg; p.o) showed an anxiolytic effect by increasing the percentage of time spent in open arms and the percentage of open arm entries as compared to control group.. In the light/dark transition test, aqueous extracts (400mg/kg; p.o) had increased the time spent in light area, latency to enter dark chamber and tunnel crossing. Whereas, ethanolic extract of (400mg/kg; p.o) has showed significant result. These results suggested that the extracts of Solanum Nigrum leaves possessed anxiolytic effect in mice, in contrast to diazepam, had no inhibitory effect on locomotion in these tests, its side effect profile might be superior to the benzodiazepines.

Most of the patients in current scenario are treated with more than one anti-hypertensives and most often with fixed dose combinations. Hence the use and efficacy of fixed dose combination are controversial and is the most debated issue in Indian perspective  The aim of this randomized pilot study was to evaluate the rationality and side effect profile of fixed dose anti-hypertensive combinations used in our hospital. A total of 25 hypertensive patients prescribed with anti-hypertensive FDCs were randomly selected and their outpatient record were monitored and recorded for a period of 2 weeks. The data was then suitably analyzed. Out of the 13 FDCs, only one FDC (7.69%) have its APIs present in both EML of WHO and NLEM of India. There was no established evidence in terms of therapeutic efficacy and safety for the 3 combinations (23.07%).76.92% of FDCs were cost effective when compared with their individual components. 11 FDCs (84.61%) provide published literature on the reduction of either dose of individual drugs or their adverse effects. Only one FDC was found to be irrational in this study. Giddiness (33.33%) was the most frequently seen side effect among the prescribed FDCs. During this limited study period with only 13 anti-hypertensive FDCs, we were able to find an irrational FDC, which clearly show an urgent need to conduct further studies on evaluating the rationality of FDCs as a whole. As a clinical pharmacist, our immense role in evaluating the rationality of FDCs could enable the DCGI to withdraw irrational FDCs from the market.   

Drug Interactions have become very common now-a-days. In drug interactions there are mainly three types in that the most important interactions are drug-drug interactions. By keeping in mind about these interactions we have done research by taking Diabetes as the main disease and if same person is suffering any other disease like we have chosen Hypertension. Our main aim is to find out the Interactions between Glyburide and Amlodipine and another scenario is little different with another class of drug that is Enalapril and with Sulphonyl urea derivative drug that is Glyburide. We found that the Glyburide have shown the 49.9% of inhibition. The Amlodipine and Enalapril groups showed 28.9% and 33.7% inhibition rates against the Glyburide group. The combined groups Glyburide with Amlodipine and Glyburide with Enalapril have shown 39% and 43.3% inhibition rates. More results can be obtained if we have done Pharmacokinetic study.

The contamination of processed or unprocessed drinking water by pathogenic bacteria has been reported worldwide. Even though a high incidence of waterborne diseases have been well documented, enterobacteriaceae is an under acknowledged pathogen of concern to public health in India. The study was aimed to isolate and biochemically characterize Enterobacteriaceae as well as to determine  antibiotic sensitivity pattern and primer designing specific to their signature gene sequences for rapid detection by PCR methods. Total plate count was determined in potable water sample collected from three different sites of Jaipur city and was found to be nearly equal or more than 105 cfu/ ml. Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated using the most probable number method (MPN index). Enterobacteriaceae (n = 36), randomly isolated from three sites, were identified, biochemically characterized and were screened for sensitivity to 9 antimicrobials by the disk diffusion method. The isolated bacteria had shown variable susceptibility and resistance patterns in response to different antibiotics used in the study. Polymerase chain reaction based methods can be a powerful molecular technique for rapid, sensitive and specific detection. Hence, in the present study primers were also designed specific to virulence signature sequences and their specificity was assessed by BLAST.