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📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

August 2012 Issue 4

Volume 2, Issue 4 - $2012

Volume 2 Issue 4 Cover

Issue Details:

Volume 2 Issue 4
Published:Invalid Date

Editorial: August 2012 Issue 4

Welcome to the 2012 issue of American Journal of PharmTech Research. This issue showcases the remarkable breadth and depth of contemporary research across multiple disciplines. From cutting-edge applications of machine learning in climate science to the revolutionary potential of quantum computing in drug discovery, our featured articles demonstrate the power of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing global challenges.

We are particularly excited to present research that bridges traditional academic boundaries, reflecting our journal's commitment to fostering innovation through cross-disciplinary dialogue. The integration of artificial intelligence with environmental science, the application of blockchain technology to supply chain management, and the convergence of urban planning with smart city technologies exemplify the transformative potential of collaborative research.

As we continue to navigate an era of rapid technological advancement and global challenges, the research presented in this issue offers both insights and solutions that will shape our future. We thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their continued dedication to advancing knowledge and promoting scientific excellence.

Dr Hemangi J Patel
Editor-in-Chief
American Journal of PharmTech Research

Articles in This Issue

Showing 85 of 85 articles
Research PaperID: AJPTR024277

The Use of Bioisosterism in Drug Design and Molecular Modification

Priyanka L. Gaikwad, Priyanka S. Gandhi, Deepali M. Jagdale, Vilasrao J. Kadam

  Bioisosteres are atoms or group of molecules that fit the broadest definition for isosteres. They have chemical and physical similarities thus producing broadly similar biological properties. Many heterocycles, when appropriately substituted exhibits bioisosterism. Bioisosterism represents an approach used by the medicinal chemist for the rational modification of lead compounds into safer and more clinically effective agents. It has significant value in drug design and lead optimization process as it may enhance the desired biological or physical properties of a compound, reduce toxicity and also alter the metabolism of the lead. Bioisosteric replacement is not simple replacement with another isostere but they are firstly analyzed by structural, solubility and electronic parameters to obtain molecules having similar biological activity. Few of the popular examples of the successful use of bioisosteres have been included. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of bioisosteric replacements which can be used for advance drug development.

BioisostereIsostereDrug designReplacementPseudoatoms
34,842 views
10,539 downloads

Contributors:

 Priyanka L. Gaikwad
,
 Priyanka S. Gandhi
,
 Deepali M. Jagdale
,
 Vilasrao J. Kadam
Research PaperID: AJPTR024278

In-Situ Gelling System: A Novel Approach for Ocular Drug Delivery

Gourav Rajoria, Arushi Gupta

  Eye, which is the most vital organ of the body suffer from various eye problems like glaucoma, endopthalmitis, dry eye syndrome, trachoma, keratitis, conjunctivitis etc. Most ocular diseases are treated by topical drug application in the form of solutions, suspensions and ointment. These conventional dosage forms suffer from the problems of poor ocular bioavailability because of dilution and rapid drainage. Prolonged drug delivery can be achieved  by various new dosage forms like in-situ gel, collagen shield, minidisc, ocular film, ocusert, nanosuspension, nanoparticulate system, liposomes, niosomes, dendrimers, ocular iontophoresis etc. The most successful of these is the in-situ forming ophthalmic drug delivery systems prepared from polymers that exhibit reversible liquid-gel phase transition .The aim of this article is to present a concise review of in-situ gelling system to overcome all above problems. This review also summarizes various temperature, pH, and ion induced in-situ forming polymeric systems used to achieve prolonged contact time of drugs with the cornea and increase their bioavailability.

Ophthalmic SolutionIn-SituHydrogelLiquid-gel transition.
35,034 views
10,565 downloads

Contributors:

 Gourav Rajoria
,
 Arushi Gupta
Research PaperID: AJPTR024279

SMEDDS: A Dominant Dosage Form Which Improve Bioavailability

Bhargav Parmar, Upendra Patel, Bhavin Bhimani, Kirtan Sanghavi, Ghanshyam Patel, Dhiren Daslaniya

  Self Micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) are usually used to improve the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. Approximately 60-70% of new chemical entities exhibit poor aqueous solubility and present a major challenge to modern drug delivery system, because of their low bioavailability. SMEDDS is isotropic (one phase system) mixture of oil or modified oils, surfactants and co-surfactants, which form the fine oil-in-water microemulsion when introduced into aqueous phase under condition of gentle agitation. The digestive motility of the stomach and intestine provide the agitation necessary for self-microemulsion in-vivo. Triglyceride is the one of the component of SMEDDS, which helps in the absorption of drugs from the GI tract. SMEDDS enhance the bioavailability enabling reduction in dose of the drug. SMEDDS is evaluated by various methods like visual assessment, droplet polarity and droplet size, size of emulsion droplet, dissolution test, charge of oil droplets, viscosity determination, in-vitro diffusion study. This article gives an overview of improvement in the rate and extent of oral absorption of drugs by SMEDDS approach. The characterization of SMEDDS and application of SMEDDS is also introduced, with particular emphasis being placed on the developments of Solid self micro-emulsifying delivery system and dosage form of SMEDDS.

SMEDDSSolubilityMicroemulsion.
35,084 views
10,538 downloads

Contributors:

 Bhargav Parmar
,
 Upendra Patel
,
 Bhavin Bhimani
,
 Kirtan Sanghavi
,
 Ghanshyam Patel
,
 Dhiren Daslaniya
Research PaperID: AJPTR024280

Technology Transfer in Pharmaceutical Industry; Facts and Steps Involved

Manish Singh Manral, Bharat Prashar, Yakub Sheikh

  Technology transfer plays a vital role in the process of drug discovery to the product development and the full scale commercialization. The article attempts to discuss about the technology transfer process, steps involved in technology transfer, reasons for using technology transfer, importance of technology transfer and the issues involved in the technology transfer in the pharmaceutical industry.

Technology transferSteps involvedScale upExhibit.
35,654 views
10,724 downloads

Contributors:

 Manish Singh Manral
,
 Bharat Prashar
,
 Yakub Sheikh
Research PaperID: AJPTR024281

Growing Advances and Applications of Click Reactions

Priyanka S. Gandhi, Priyanka L. Gaikwad, Deepali M. Jagdale, Vilasrao J. Kadam

  Examination of nature’s favorite molecules revealed that nucleic acids, proteins and polysaccharides are condensation polymers of small subunits stitched together by carbon ± heteroatom bonds. Taking clue from the natures approach, a set of powerful, highly reliable and selective reactions were developed for the rapid synthesis of useful new compounds, an approach called as “click reactions”.  Thus click chemistry is a modular synthetic approach that utilizes the most practical and reliable chemical transformations. Its applications are increasingly found in all aspects of drug discovery, ranging from lead finding through combinatorial chemistry and target-template in situ chemistry, to proteomics and DNA research, using bioconjugation reactions. One of the reactions of click chemistry i.e. copper (I)-catalyzed 1, 2, 3-triazole forming reaction has become the gold standard of click chemistry due to its reliability, specificity and biocompatibility of the reactants. The triazole products are more than just passive linkers; they readily associate with biological targets, through hydrogen bonding and dipole interactions. This review gives a brief overview about some of the advances and applications of these click reactions.

AzidesAlkynesClick chemistryTriazole
35,551 views
10,635 downloads

Contributors:

 Priyanka S. Gandhi
,
 Priyanka L. Gaikwad
,
 Deepali M. Jagdale
,
 Vilasrao J. Kadam
Research PaperID: AJPTR024282

Development and Evaluation of In Situ Gelling System for Treatment of Periodontitis

Khushbu Patel, K. R.Vadalia, J. K. Patel

  Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by groups of specific microorganisms. The concept that localized problem sites may be treated by local drug delivery appears attractive as the antimicrobial agent is delivered within periodontal pockets and the therapy is targeted on specific pathogenic microorganisms. Local delivery of antimicrobial agents using controlled release systems should be considered as adjunctive to mechanical debridement for the treatment of localized forms of periodontal destruction. Local delivery of in situ gelling system to periodontal pockets has the benefit of putting more drugs at target site while minimizing exposure of the total body to the drug. In situ gelling system helps in maintaining effective levels of drug in gingival cervicular fluid to produce desirable clinical effects. In situ gel for controlled drug delivery system of periodontal pocket has received greater interest and appears to hold some promise in periodontal therapy. They are designed to release drug slowly with more prolonged drug availability and sustained drug action. Controlled release systems offer an advantage of decrease in frequency of administration, improving patient compliance. The dose of the drug can also be decreased and hence, the toxicity when compared to conventional therapy. In controlled drug delivery, the drug is released over an extended period of time by zero order kinetics and hence constant plasma drug concentration can be achieved. Key words: Periodontitis, Periodontal pocket, In situ gel, Controlled drug delivery

PeriodontitisPeriodontal pocketIn situ gelControlled drug delivery
35,793 views
10,776 downloads

Contributors:

 Khushbu Patel
,
 K. R.Vadalia
,
 J. K. Patel
Research PaperID: AJPTR024283

Plant Flavonoids: Novel Drug Discovery for Cancer Research

Rajeev Nema, Parul jain, Sarita Khare, Alka Pradhan, Abhishek Gupta, Dharmendra Singh

  This review brings out some medicinal plants that have therapeutic potential due to the presence of natural antioxidants. Majority of their antioxidant activity is due to bioactive compounds viz. Flavonoids and Polyphenolic compounds. The Present research reveals that Flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds activity have important effects on cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. Numerous mechanisms of action have been recognized, along with inactivation cancer, antiproliferation, and cell cycle arrest, stimulation of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis. This work has particularly enhanced the function of antioxidants activity of Flavonoids for cancer research. Key word: Flavonoids, Antioxidant, Free radical and Cancer research 

FlavonoidsAntioxidantFree radical and Cancer research
36,057 views
10,674 downloads

Contributors:

 Rajeev Nema
,
 Parul jain
,
 Sarita Khare
,
 Alka Pradhan
,
 Abhishek Gupta
,
 Dharmendra Singh
Research PaperID: AJPTR024284

Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Profile of Bosentan: A Review

Md. Sabir Azim, Asif Husain, M oloy Mitra, Parminder S. Bhasin

  Bosentan is a dual endothelin receptor antagonist. It is used in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) act on the endothelin pathway by blocking binding of endothelin-1 to its receptors [endothelin type-A (ETA) and/or type-B (ETB)] on the surface of endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Bosentan is licensed in the United States, the European Union and other countries by Actelion Pharmaceuticals for the management of PAH under the trade name Tracleer. Bosentan, is a non-peptide and orally active. Bosentan is highly protein-bound, with approximately 98% bound to albumin. This paper reviews the pharmacological and pharmaceutical properties of Bosentan. Bosentan could be an attractive target for the generic industries.

BosentanPulmonary arterial hypertensionEndothelin receptor antagonist.
35,758 views
10,742 downloads

Contributors:

 Md. Sabir Azim
,
 Asif Husain
,
 M oloy Mitra
,
 Parminder S. Bhasin
Research PaperID: AJPTR024285

Dip Pen Nanolithography

Seema Jadhav, Pournima Morey, Manisha Karpe, Vilasrao Kadam

  Nanolithography is the art and science of etching, writing, or printing at the nanoscopic level, in which the dimensions of characters are on the order of nanometers. The direct physical interactions between the atomic-force microscopy (AFM) tip and the sample allow local surface modification, allowing use of the AFM tip for scanning-probe lithography. Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) differs conceptually from other scanning-probe lithography in that, rather than delivering energy to the surface, DPN directly delivers materials to the surface from an ink-coated AFM tip in a molecular printing process. DPN is a scanning probe nano patterning technique in which an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip is used to deliver molecules to a surface via a solvent meniscus, which naturally forms in the ambient atmosphere. This direct-write technique offers high resolution patterning for a number of molecular inks on a variety of substrates. DPN can be used to pattern nanostructure arrays in a massively parallel fashion. Indeed, one and two dimensional arrays of probes with numbers up to 55,000 have been already developed and proved successful in the DPN process. The use of small sample amounts in DPN should be particularly attractive to biologists for significantly lowering limits of detection of target molecules.

Nanolithographyatomic force microscopydip pen nanolithographynano patterningapplications
35,892 views
10,909 downloads

Contributors:

 Seema Jadhav
,
 Pournima Morey
,
 Manisha Karpe
,
 Vilasrao Kadam
Research PaperID: AJPTR024286

Analytical Methods for Estimation of Duloxetine: A Review

B V Kotadia, V V Khanvilkar, V J Kadam

Determination of duloxetine by various methods from various matrices is reviewed in this paper. The methods used consist of spectrofluorimetry, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These methods were used to determine the amount of duloxetine in bulk drugs, pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological matrix. HPLC with UV detector as well as mass spectrometric (MS) detector was used for evaluation of pharmacokinetics of duloxetine. It is concluded that HPLC-UV is the most reliable and applicable method for estimation in bulk drugs and formulations while LC-MS is widely employed in bioanalysis.   Keywords: duloxetine, analysis, estimation

duloxetineanalysisestimation
36,138 views
10,816 downloads

Contributors:

 B V Kotadia
,
 V V Khanvilkar
,
 V J Kadam
Research PaperID: AJPTR024287

A Perspective on Antioxidants

Ramakrishna T.M, Mahuya De Ghosh, Ravikumar H

  The antioxidant capacity of foods, medicines and their supplements can be estimated by following procedures of certain methods involving spectrophotometer which is discussed here. The methods followed have been slightly modified sometimes, to suit the needs of botanicals. All the procedures, given here require spectrophotometer to asess the ability of absorbance. The significance of antioxidants in diets, medicines and nutraceuticals is enumerated. Each method has its own ability of reacting with either reductants or enzymes, or free radicals.Thus antioxidant capacity requires two or three methods to assess the capacity of antioxidants present in foods and medicines.

significance of antioxidantsmethods in assessment
36,162 views
10,825 downloads

Contributors:

 Ramakrishna T.M
,
 Mahuya De Ghosh
,
 Ravikumar H
Research PaperID: AJPTR024288

How Similar Should Be A Biosimilar!!!

Eshan Gera, H.V.Raghunandan, Pramod Kumar T.M, M.P. Venkatesh

  The imminent patent expiration of many biopharmaceutical products will produce the possibility for generic versions of these therapeutic agents (i.e. biosimilars). However, there are a number of issues that will make approval of biosimilars much more complicated than the approval of generic equivalents of conventional pharmaceuticals. These issues center on the intrinsic complexity of biopharmaceutical agents, which are recombinant proteins in most cases, and the heterogeneity of proteins produced by different manufacturing processes. The increased occurrence of antibody (Ab)-mediated pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) associated with change in the formulation of one particular epoetin-α product highlights the potential for increased immunogenicity of recombinant proteins with different formulations, or those manufactured by different processes. The subsequent production of ‘biosimilars’ has aroused interest within the pharmaceutical industry as biosimilar manufacturers strive to obtain part of an already large and rapidly growing market. The potential opportunity for price reductions versus the originator biopharmaceuticals remains to be determined, as the advantage of a slightly cheaper price may be outweighed by the hypothetical increased risk of side effects from biosimilar molecules that are not exact copies of their originators. This review focuses on the issues surrounding biosimilars, including quality control, clinical efficacy and side effects.

BiosimilarsFollow-on-biologicsBiopharmaceuticalsBiogenerics
36,513 views
10,980 downloads

Contributors:

 Eshan Gera
,
 H.V.Raghunandan
,
 Pramod Kumar T.M
,
 M.P. Venkatesh
Research PaperID: AJPTR024289

Microemulsions as Enhanced Drug Delivery Carrier: An Overview

Akruti S. Khodakiya, J. R. Chavada, N. P. Jivani, Bimal N. Patel, Moorti S. Khodakiya, Ankit P. Ramoliya

  Microemulsions are clear, thermodynamically stable, isotropic mixtures of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a co-surfactant. They offer numerous advantages like improved solubilization of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, better bioavailability, prolong and targeted release, enhanced permeation across biological membranes, protection against oxidation, better stability and ease of manufacturing as well as processing. These systems are currently of interest to the pharmaceutical scientist because of their unique characteristics and considerable potential to act as drug delivery carrier by incorporating a wide range of drug molecules. In order to appreciate the potential of microemulsions as delivery carrier, this review gives an overview of the microemulsion properties, formulation, phase behaviour, characterization and application of microemulsions as a drug delivery carrier.

Microemulsionsolubilizationbioavailabilityprolong and target releasephase behaviourdrug delivery carrier
36,474 views
10,910 downloads

Contributors:

 Akruti S. Khodakiya
,
 J. R. Chavada
,
 N. P. Jivani
,
 Bimal N. Patel
,
 Moorti S. Khodakiya
,
 Ankit P. Ramoliya
Research PaperID: AJPTR024290

Microsponge Drug Delivery System: A Novel Dosage Form

Rahul Shivaji Patil, Vishnu Uddhav Kemkar, S. S. Patil

  Microsponge can be effectively incorporated into topical drug delivery system for retention of dosage form on skin, and also use for oral delivery of drugs using bioerodible polymers, especially for colon specific delivery and controlled release drug delivery system thus improving patient compliance by providing site specific drug delivery system and prolonging dosage intervals. Microsponge drug delivery systems offers entrapment of ingredients and is believed to contribute towards reduced side effects, improved stability, reduces systemic exposure and minimize local cutaneous reactions, increased elegance, and enhanced formulation flexibility. Topical preparations have some disadvantages like unpleasant odour, greasiness and skin irritation and fail to reach the systemic circulation this problem is overcome by microsponge delivery system. Microsponge formulations are stable over range of PH 1 to 11; Microsponge formulations are stable at the temperature up to 1300C; compatible with most vehicles and ingredients.  The present review introduces Microsponge technology along with its synthesis, characterization, programmable parameters and release mechanism of MDS.

Microspongemicroporous beadsControlled releaseTopical drug deliverySolvent Diffusion MethodQuasi-Emulsion.
36,533 views
10,962 downloads

Contributors:

 Rahul Shivaji Patil
,
 Vishnu Uddhav Kemkar
,
 S. S. Patil
Research PaperID: AJPTR024291

Fast Dissolving Tablets: A New Venture in Drug Delivery

Sehgal Prateek, Gupta Ramdayal, Singh Umesh Kumar, Chaturvedi Ashwani, Gulati Ashwini, Sharma Mansi

  Despite disadvantages, oral drug delivery remains the preferred route of drug delivery. Oral administration is the most popular route due to ease of ingestion, pain avoidance, versatility (to accommodate various types of drug candidates), and most importantly, patient compliance. FDTs are intended and designed to disintegrate and dissolve in saliva and then easily swallowed without need of water, which is a major benefit over conventional dosage form. Fast dissolving tablets can be prepared by various conventional methods like direct compression, wet granulation, moulding, spray drying, freeze drying, and sublimation. Some of the patented technologies with improved performance, patient compliance, and enhanced quality have emerged in the recent past. In 1986, the first lyophilized fast-dissolving technology Zydis was introduced by Cardinal formerly R. P. Scherer and after that there was a continuous growth in names, technologies & patented technology by different companies such as Wowtab technology, oraquick technology etc. Various excipients are employed in the formulation for example superdisintegrants such as crospovidone (CP), sodium starch glycolate (SSG), croscarmellose sodium and PVP as binder and many more. The review also covers the evaluation parameters including pre-compression and post compression parameters and packaging of FDTs. There are multiple fast-dissolving OTC and Rx products on the market worldwide, most of which have been launched in the past 3 to 4 years. There have also been significant increases in the number of new chemical entities under development using a fast-dissolving drug delivery technology. Thus, in near future, it is expected that this delivery system will get much importance as that of conventional delivery systems. This article provides a comprehensive review of various technologies. Key Words: Oral delivery, fast dissolving tablet, drug delivery, Novel dosage forms.

Oral deliveryfast dissolving tabletdrug deliveryNovel dosage forms.
37,018 views
11,111 downloads

Contributors:

 Sehgal Prateek
,
 Gupta Ramdayal
,
 Singh Umesh Kumar
,
 Chaturvedi Ashwani
,
 Gulati Ashwini
,
 Sharma Mansi
Research PaperID: AJPTR024292

Evaluation of Different Types of Risks in Pharmaceutical Supply-Chain

Jnandev Kamath K, Krishnananda Kamath K, Mohamad Azaruddin, E.V.S. Subrahmanyam, A.R. Shabharaya

  Pharmaceutical supply chain has always been a point of great interest in academic research as well as in industrial practice. However this popular buzzword still remains an ill-defined and poorly understood concept and this will provide a better understanding of the different levels of pharmaceutical supply chain issues and the terms regarding supply chain for pharmaceuticals. Though the pharmaceutical industry has grown by leaps and bounds the risk affecting it has also increased proportionately. Furthermore this addresses the issues of risk mitigation in pharmaceutical supply chain by providing quantified empirical results. Based on the available literature four major risks affecting the pharmaceutical supply chain were identified as regulatory risk, inventory risk, counterfeit risk and financial risk. Ranking and management strategies of these are based on Analytical Hierarchy Process model. Also solutions to these risks are provided based on the results of the survey questionnaires and literature study which would be best suited for the industry to flourish and survive in today’s competitive global marketplace.

Supply chainAnalytical Hierarchy Process ModelRisk management
37,132 views
11,172 downloads

Contributors:

 Jnandev Kamath K
,
 Krishnananda Kamath K
,
 Mohamad Azaruddin
,
 E.V.S. Subrahmanyam
,
 A.R. Shabharaya
Research PaperID: AJPTR024293

Review on Common Methods to Synthesize Substituted1H-Indole-2, 3-Dione (Isatin) Derivatives and Their Medicinal Significance

Nilima D. Wakchaure, Shridhar S. Shejwal, Vinayak K. Deshmukh, Sanjay R. Chaudhari

  Isatin is an important class of heterocyclic compounds. Recently, heterocyclic compounds analogues and their derivatives have attracted strong interest in medicinal chemistry due to their biological and pharmacological properties. The small and simple isatin nucleus possesses numerous biological properties like -antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antiviral, anti HIV, antioxidant, CNS depressant activities. These activities are also possessed by its substituted derivatives as well. The present review outlines some commonly used procedures to synthesize the isatin moiety and its derivatives, with different biological activities.

IsatinAntimicrobialAnticancerAnti- inflammatoryAnticonvulsant Activity.
36,992 views
11,207 downloads

Contributors:

 Nilima D. Wakchaure
,
 Shridhar S. Shejwal
,
 Vinayak K. Deshmukh
,
 Sanjay R. Chaudhari
Research PaperID: AJPTR024294

Potential Approaches of Colon Targeted Drug Delivery System: A Review

Chandrakant S. Satpute, Prashant K. Pagare, Varsha M. Jadhav, Vilasrao J. Kadam

  Targeted drug delivery to the colon is more desirable for local treatment of a variety of bowel diseases and systemic delivery of protein and peptide drugs. Targeting depends on exploiting a unique feature of specific site and protecting the drug until it reaches to the site. To achieve the delivery of intact drugs to the colon, different primary as well as potential novel approaches are used. To achieve the maximum site specific delivery of drugs to colon, combination of two or more approaches are preferred over individual approaches. Because of limited success of primary approaches newly developed approaches are preferred.

Potential approaches of colonic drug deliverycolon specific drug deliverynewly developed approaches for CDDS.
37,316 views
11,228 downloads

Contributors:

 Chandrakant S. Satpute
,
 Prashant K. Pagare
,
 Varsha M. Jadhav
,
 Vilasrao J. Kadam
Research PaperID: AJPTR024295

A Review on Phytochemical Constituents and Activities of Trachyspermum Ammi(l.) Sprague fruits

Baby Chauhan, Gopal Kumar, Mohammed Ali

  Trachyspermum ammi (L.) sprague fruits is commonly called Ajowan belongs to the family ‘Apiaceae’. It’s fruits yielded 2% to 4% brownish essential oil, with thymol as the major constituent (35% to 60%). It also contain monoterpenoids and reported some new constituents. The plant is used traditionally as a stimulant, carminative, flatulence, atonic dyspepsia, diarrhoea, abdominal tumours, abdominal pains, piles, and bronchial problems, lack of appetite, galactogogue, asthma and amenorrhoea. It possess various pharmacological activities like antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, cytotoxic activity, hypolipidaemic, antihypertensive, antispasmodic, broncho-dilating actions, antilithiasis, diuretic, abortifacient, antitussive, nematicidal, anthelmintic and antifilarial activity. This review deals with the evidence-based information regarding the pharmacological activity of Trachyspermum ammi. Key words: Trachyspermum ammi, Apiaceae, Ajowan fruits, constituents, pharmacological activities.

Trachyspermum ammiApiaceaeAjowan fruitsconstituentspharmacological activities.
37,426 views
11,125 downloads

Contributors:

 Baby Chauhan
,
 Gopal Kumar
,
 Mohammed Ali
Research PaperID: AJPTR024296

The Use of Pomegranate Juice for Counteract Lipid Peroxidation that Naturally Occurred during Liquid Storage of Roosters' Semen

Hazim J. Al - Daraji

  In an attempt to find a suitable in vitro storage method for roosters' semen, an experiment was conducted to study the influence of inclusion pomegranate juice (PJ) into semen diluent on semen quality during liquid storage for up to 72 h. A total of 60 White Leghorn roosters, 40 weeks of age, randomly divided into 6 treatment groups (10 males each) were used in this study. Treatment groups were as follows: T1 = fresh semen, T2 = semen diluted 1:2 with Al – Daraji 2 diluent (AD2D) alone, T3 – T6 = semen diluted 1:2 with AD2D supplemented with 2 ml, 4 ml, 6 ml or 8 ml of PJ / 100 ml of diluent, respectively. Semen samples were assessed after in vitro storage at 4–6˚C for 24h, 48h or 72h as regards mass activity, individual motility and percentages of dead spermatozoa, abnormal spermatozoa and acrosomal abnormalities. Results revealed that supplementing the diluent of roosters semen with PJ (T3, T4, T5 and T6) and then store it for different storage periods (24 h, 48 h or 72 h) resulted in significant (p < 0.05) improvement in spermatozoa motility, viability, morphology and acrosomal integrity in comparison with control group (T1). Moreover, T5 and T6 surpasses other treatments with respect to these semen characteristics, while there were no significant differences between T2, T3 and T4 concerning all semen traits included in this study. In conclusion, the substitution of AD2D diluent composition with PJ significantly improves quality of roosters semen that in vitro stored for up to 72 h. Furthermore, the positive effect of PJ observed in this study may be due to enhanced sperm resistance to lipid peroxidation that naturally occurred during in vitro storage of avian semen.

Pomegranate juicelipid peroxidationliquid storageroosters' semen
37,603 views
11,164 downloads

Contributors:

 Hazim J. Al - Daraji
Research PaperID: AJPTR024297

Development and Validation of UV Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Cefuroxime in Pharmaceutical Dosage forms

Md Rezowanur Rahman, Md. Asaduzzaman, S.M. Ashraful Islam

  A rapid and sensitive UV-Visible spectroscopic method was developed for the estimation of cefuroxime in pure and its Pharmaceutical formulations. The method was based on the measurement of absorbance of Cefuroxime active moiety of Cefuroxime tablet at 277 nm using methanol as solvent. The absorbance was found to increase linearly with increase in concentration of Cefuroxime which was corroborated by correlation coefficient values. The standard solution of Cefuroxime obeyed Beer’s law over the concentration range of 9.20–27.60 µg/mL. The method is linear (from 9.20-27.60 µg/mL) with an R2 of 0.999, accurate (% recovery 100.56%) and precise (% RSD 0.316%). The method is specific and robust for Cefuroxime. Key words: Cefuroxime, Spectrophotometric method, validation, accuracy

CefuroximeSpectrophotometric methodvalidationaccuracy
37,473 views
11,303 downloads

Contributors:

 Md Rezowanur Rahman
,
 Md. Asaduzzaman
,
 S.M. Ashraful Islam
Research PaperID: AJPTR024298

Biochemical Studies on the Cytoprotective Efficacy of Geraniol in Benzo(a)pyrene Induced Experimental Lung Cancer

Mangalathu Sukumaran Pillai Veena, Purushothaman Mourisha, Gajendran Nithya, Sathiamoorthy Dhivya, Aruldass Ilakkia, Dhanapal Sakthisekaran

  Isoprenoids are one of the largest groups of natural products comprising numerous compounds with important roles in physiological and pathological processes. High intake of fruits and vegetables has proven to show protective action against different cancer types. Diet-derived isoprenoids represent promising cancer therapeutic agents. Monoterpenes such as Geraniol (GOH), found in essential oils of citrus fruits, cherry, mint, and herbs, are non-nutritive dietary micro constituents mainly responsible for the distinctive fragrance of many plants; have anticancer activities. In the present study the cytoprotective efficacy of geraniol, an acyclic monoterpene alcohol was evaluated in Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] induced lung cancer in male Swiss Albino mice. Level of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Vitamin C, Vitamin E, glycoproteins and Lung marker enzymes were studied.  Oral administration of Geraniol (150 mg/kg body weight) helped in maintaining the cellular redox status of the animals which plays an important role in cellular function there by increasing the efficiency of antioxidant defense system and reducing the adverse effects of cancer. Key Words: Antioxidants, Isoprenoids, Benzo(a)Pyrene, Geraniol, lung cancer.

AntioxidantsIsoprenoidsBenzo(a)PyreneGeraniollung cancer.
37,688 views
11,373 downloads

Contributors:

 Mangalathu Sukumaran Pillai Veena
,
 Purushothaman Mourisha
,
 Gajendran Nithya
,
 Sathiamoorthy Dhivya
,
 Aruldass Ilakkia
,
 Dhanapal Sakthisekaran
Research PaperID: AJPTR024299

Quantitative determination of Domperidone and Ranitidine in combined dosage form by FT-IR spectroscopy

P. Ravi Prasad, K. Bhuvaneswari, Murarilal, K. Rajani

  A simple and rapid method has been developed for the quantification of Domperidone (DMP) and Ranitidine (RAN) through FT-IR in combined dosage form. The method involves the measurement of peaks of amine (-NH) at 1620 cm-1 (RAN) and carbonyl group (C=O) at 1717 cm-1 (DMP). The method was validated for pharmaceuticals in tablet form and found to be precise with high recovery levels (>99%). Key words: FT-IR, Ranitidine, Domperidone, combined dosage form.

FT-IRRanitidineDomperidonecombined dosage form.
37,556 views
11,394 downloads

Contributors:

 P. Ravi Prasad
,
 K. Bhuvaneswari
,
 Murarilal
,
 K. Rajani
Research PaperID: AJPTR024300

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Studies of Some New Perbenzoylated N-Glucosyl Benzothiazolyl Carbamides and Carbamates

Sagar M. Jain1* Shirish P. Deshmukh

  As part of ongoing studies in developing new antimicrobials, a class of structurally novel perbenzolylated glucosyl benzothiazolyl carbamides and carbamates were synthesized by the interaction of tetra-O-benzoyl-β-D-glucosyl isocyanate with substituted benzothiazoles and various alcohols. The identities of these newly synthesized compounds were established on the basis of usual chemical transformations and IR, 1H NMR, and Mass spectral studies and evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activities using standard cup plate method against bacteria E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. vulgaris, B. cereus, S. aureus and fungi A. niger, C. albicans.

Benzothiazolyl CarbamidesCarbamatesAntimicrobial activities.
37,932 views
11,318 downloads

Contributors:

 Sagar M. Jain1* Shirish P. Deshmukh
Research PaperID: AJPTR024301

Development and Validation of Difference Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Fluvastatin Sodium and Bulk Dosage Form

Deepali S. Tuljapure, Narendra M. Gowekar, Savita S.Yadav, Aashish S.Mogale

  A new simple, accurate, precise, highly sensitive and reproducible difference spectrophotometric method for the determination of Fluvastatin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form is described. Difference spectroscopic method is based on the principle that Fluvastatin exhibit two different forms; in acidic and basic medium which differs in their absorption spectra. The difference spectra were obtained by reading the absorbance of Fluvastatin in 0.1N HCl in the reference cell and the absorbance of Fluvastatin in 0.1N NaOH in the sample cell and vice versa; in the difference spectrum maxima and minima were seen at 229nm and at 304nm respectively. The amplitude values were calculated, which was plotted against concentration. The method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 10-50 μg/ml. The percentage recovery was found to be between the ranges from 99.44 % to 100.45 %. The LOD & LOQ was found to be 0.215 μg/ml & 0.652 μg/ml respectively. The proposed method was statistically validated and successfully applied for analysis of Fluvastatin in capsule dosage forms. As per ICH guidelines the results of the analysis were validated statistically and were found to be satisfactory.

FluvastatinDifference SpectrophotometryBulkValidation.
37,824 views
11,462 downloads

Contributors:

 Deepali S. Tuljapure
,
 Narendra M. Gowekar
,
 Savita S.Yadav
,
 Aashish S.Mogale
Research PaperID: AJPTR024302

Assay of Tolterodine Tartrate Using MBTH Reagent in Bulk and Its Pharmaceutical Formulations

M. Syam Bab, U. Viplava Prasad, B. Kalyana Ramu

  A simple and sensitive visible spectrophotometric method for the determination of tolterodine tartrate using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH) reagent has been developed in bulk and tablet dosage forms. It is based on the formation of intense blue colored species by treating the drug with MBTH reagent in the presence of ferric chloride with an absorption maximum of 650nm. The Regression analysis of Beer’s Law plot showed good correlation in a general concentration range of 5-25µg/ml. The proposed method is validated with respect to accuracy, precision, linearity and limit of detection. The suggested procedure is successfully applied to the determination of the drug in pharmaceutical preparation, with high percentage of recovery, good accuracy and precision. The results of analysis have been validated statistically by repeatability and recovery studies. The results are found satisfactory and reproducible. The method is applied successfully for the estimation of tolterodine tartrate in capsule form without the interference of excipients.

Anti-muscarinic agentBeer’s LawFerric chlorideMBTHoxidative coupling reactionVisible Spectrophotometric method.
38,184 views
11,397 downloads

Contributors:

 M. Syam Bab
,
 U. Viplava Prasad
,
 B. Kalyana Ramu
Research PaperID: AJPTR024303

Co-Existence of Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance by Bacteria from Wound Infection

Jasmine R, Daina, Akshyavardhini, Anita, B. N. Selvakumar

  With an intention to screen for bacterial isolates from wound infection exhibiting resistance to antibiotics, we also checked for the resistance to heavy metals, since both may be plasmid borne. Several bacteria have naturally developed tolerance to a wide range of antibiotics and toxic heavy metals. Some bacteria have also evolved mechanisms to detoxify heavy metals. Tolerance of zinc and copper by these bacteria were studied and it was found that gram positive bacteria were more resistant than gram negative bacteria. We could determine the common pattern of resistance of the isolates to both antibiotics and metals. Key words: antibiotics; heavy metals; copper; zinc; metal tolerance

antibioticsheavy metalscopperzincmetal tolerance
38,491 views
11,564 downloads

Contributors:

 Jasmine R
,
 Daina
,
 Akshyavardhini
,
 Anita
,
 B. N. Selvakumar
Research PaperID: AJPTR024304

Formulation and Evaluation of Metoprolol Tartrate Fast Dissolving Tablet

Divya Vishwakarma, Kanu.R.Patel, Natvarlal.M.Patel

  Metoprolol Tartrate is effective β-blocker used in the second line treatment for angina and for myocardial infarction. Adult dose as conventional preparations is 25-100 mg daily in single or divided doses, as extended release 100-200 mg once daily. The bioavailability of the drug when formulated as conventional tablets is 40 % due to hepatic metabolism. The present investigation was undertaken with a view to develop a fast dissolving tablet of Metoprolol Tartrate which offers a new range of product having desired characteristics and intended benefits prepared by direct compression method using different concentrations of superdisintegrant. Effect of superdisintegrant on wetting time, drug content, in-vitro drug release, disintegration time has been studied. Disintegration time increased with increase in the level of Croscarmellose sodium while it decreased for Crospovidone, the release was dependent on the aggregate size in the dissolution medium. It is concluded that Metoprolol Tartrate fast dissolving tablets could be prepared using superdisintegrant with improved bioavailability and rapid onset of action.

Fast dissolving tabletsMetoprolol TartrateCroscarmellose sodiumCrospovidonedisintegration timein-vitro drug release.
38,355 views
11,588 downloads

Contributors:

 Divya Vishwakarma
,
 Kanu.R.Patel
,
 Natvarlal.M.Patel
Research PaperID: AJPTR024305

Formulation and Optimization of Fast Dissolving Tablet of Levocetrizine Hydrochloride

Mittal Zala, K.R.Patel, M.R.Patel, N.M.Patel

  Rhinitis may be of allergic and non allergic origin and the reaction was typically associated to the nasal and ocular symptoms of the disease, allergic rhinitis was associated with a higher burden of asthma and sinusitis. It also affects multiple areas related to quality of life. Due to these reasons, there is a need to develop rapid action producing formulation to treat these allergic conditions. Levocetrizine is the active enantiomer of cetirizine. It is second generation, non-sedative antihistaminic drug with half-life of 8-10 hrs.The usual dose range from 5 to 10 mg. It undergoes extensive metabolism. The objective of the current study was to develop and optimize fast dissolving tablet of levocetrizine hydrochloride to improve bioavailability and increase drug release with rapid onset action. Key word: Fast dissolving tablet, Superdisintegrant, Rapid action, Patient compliance

Fast dissolving tabletSuperdisintegrantRapid actionPatient compliance
38,391 views
11,604 downloads

Contributors:

 Mittal Zala
,
 K.R.Patel
,
 M.R.Patel
,
 N.M.Patel
Research PaperID: AJPTR024306

Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablet of a Model Anti-Diabetic Drug By Inclusion Complexation Using Beta Cyclodextrin

Mahalingan K, Ganesh R.S, Ronak Patel, Umashankar M.S

  In the present investigation an attempt was made to formulate fast dissolving tablets using BCS class II drug Repaglinide, ie low solubility and high permeability to form an inclusion complex to improve the dissolution rate, thus enhancing the bioavailability. Beta-CD inclusion complex was made in varying ratios 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 of drug and polymer by solvent evaporation method. The complexes were evaluated for phase solubility, drug content and drug release. Phase solubility study revealed AL type indicating linear increase in solubility with increase in the carrier concentrations. The inclusion complex 1:1 ratio prepared by spray dried was studied for drug content uniformity which was ranging from 85-98%, FTIR showed no any compatibility of the drug and beta-CD; DSC and XRD showed distinct loss of drug crystallinity accounting for enhancement in the dissolution rate. SEM revealed spherical shape of the inclusion complex. The drug release study was carried out in 0.1N HCL using USP type paddle dissolution apparatus revealed to be 93% within 5 mins. The FDT was formulated by direct compression method six batches of tablets were prepared with varying ratios of superdisintegrants (F1-F6). The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration which was found within the official range, drug content ranging from 89-94%. The formulation F3 containing Crosspovidone was optimized which showed maximum drug release of 98% within 10 mins. Kinetics of drug release from all the tablets followed zero order release with non-Fickian type diffusion. Key words: Repaglinide, Beta- Cyclodextrin, Spray drying and fast dissolving tablets

RepaglinideBeta- CyclodextrinSpray drying and fast dissolving tablets
38,720 views
11,543 downloads

Contributors:

 Mahalingan K
,
 Ganesh R.S
,
 Ronak Patel
,
 Umashankar M.S
Research PaperID: AJPTR024307

Anticancer Activity of Leaves of Clerodendron Serratum Spreng

Nagdeva, Prashant kumar Katiyar, Ragini Singh

  Clerodendron serratum spreng is very much effective in preventing Dalton’s Ascetic Lymphoma cell in mice which was confirmed by evaluating the hematological parameters. Peritoneal cell count, solid tumors volume, body weight and histopathological studies. This holds great promise for future research in human beings. The anticancer properties of Clerodendron serratum spreng will provide useful information in the possible application in cancer prevention and cancer therapy. The treatment with ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Clerodendron serratum spreng significantly altered all the parameters, near to normal. Maximum alteration of parameters occurred in the group treated with the aqueous extract at the dose of 300 mg/kg/day.

AnticancerClerodendron serratum sprengVerbenaceaeSoxhlet apparatusSwiss albino mice
38,740 views
11,632 downloads

Contributors:

 Nagdeva
,
 Prashant kumar Katiyar
,
 Ragini Singh
Research PaperID: AJPTR024308

A Validated RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Linagliptin

Lakshman Raju Badugu

  Linagliptin frequently associated in pharmaceutical a formulation that reduces blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Their quantification presents several problems. A HPLC method for the determination of these compounds in pharmaceutical formulations, including the separation of impurities and excipients has been developed and validated. The method was simple, selective, linear, precise and accurate. Isocratic elution at a flow rate of 1ml min-1 was employed on a symmetry C18 column at ambient temperature. The mobile phase consisted of Methanol: Water 83:17(v/v) and pH of the mobile phase was adjusted to 4.1 with 0.1% Orthophosphoric Acid . The UV detection wavelength was at 241nm.Linearity was observed in concentration range of 5-30ppm. The retention time for Linagliptin was 5.85min.The method was validated as per the ICH guidelines. The proposed method can be successfully applied for the estimation of Linagliptin in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Key Words: Linagliptin, HPLC Development and Validation, ICH guidelines.

LinagliptinHPLC Development and ValidationICH guidelines.
39,034 views
11,743 downloads

Contributors:

 Lakshman Raju Badugu
Research PaperID: AJPTR024309

Preparation of Microparticles Containing Rifampicin as Dry Powder Formulation: In Vitro Studies on Aerosol Performance

Aliasgar J. Kundawala, Vishnu A. Patel, Harsha V. Patel, Dhaglaram Choudhary

  The Aim of this study was preparation of dry powder formulation of rifampicin loaded polymeric microparticles as dry powder formulation for inhalation in effective tuberculosis treatment.The microparticles containing rifampicin (RIF) were prepared by spray drying method using different biocompatible polymers like chitosan and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) The microparticles and microparticle blend with coarse carrier Inhalac 230 were investigated for its aerosolization properties like emitted dose, Mass median aerodynamic diameter, Fine particle Fraction, Geometric Standard Deviation.The spray drying method produced wrinkle surfaced porous microparticles under the size range of 10µm. Mass median aerodynamic diameter obtained for all formulation ranged in 2.68 µm to 3.73 µm and Fine particle fraction in between 51.58 ± 5.36 to 72.74 ± 3.18. The lowest tapped density value obtained was 0.102 g/cm2 belong to formulation coded M1. In vitro deposition studies using cascade impactor showed emitted dose of > 90% for all batches. The polymeric microparticles produced by spray drying technique showed promising particle characteristics suitable for inhalation with Fine particle fraction (72.74 ± 3.18) of total emitted dose, after blending with lactose. The blending of the microparticles with Inhalac 230 allowed the Fine particle fraction values to increase by increasing the dispersibility of powder on inspiration. Key words: Rifampicin, Dry Powder Inhalation, Chitosan, HPMC, Interactive blend.

RifampicinDry Powder InhalationChitosanHPMCInteractive blend.
38,856 views
11,682 downloads

Contributors:

 Aliasgar J. Kundawala
,
 Vishnu A. Patel
,
 Harsha V. Patel
,
 Dhaglaram Choudhary
Research PaperID: AJPTR024310

Optimization of Diclofenac Sodium Gel by Using Calendula Oil as Sorption Promotor

Vishalkumar Kavade, Mitali Bodhankar, Arun Patil

  Diclofenac sodium (DFS) is a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drug, used in the treatment of inflammation and degenerative disorder of the musculoskeletal system. The present study is based on the preparation of DFS topical gel for the purpose of obtaining optimized gel which will give better results considering the formulation and patient compliance. For the preparation of topical gel carbopol polymer and different excipients are used for final preparation. The calendula oil is used as penetration enhancer in this final formulation in different concentration. These formulations with and without calendula oil were compared with marketed preparation with respect to its permeation, pH, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability. Permeation experiments were performed on excised rat skin (675/02/C/CPCSEA or GNCP/IAEC/2011-2012/Pharmaceutics-2). On the basis of in–vitro drug diffusion study and other properties of gel, we have concluded that calendula oil is best penetration enhancer for DFS gel. The solubility of DFS in the solvent system containing 1%calendula oil also checked and it was similar to that without enhancer. These results suggest that the enhancing effect of calendula oil is independent on the solubility of drug in the solvent system and were dependent on the concentration of calendula oil.

Diclofenac sodiumCalendula oilTerpenesPenetration enhancerGel evaluation
39,307 views
11,836 downloads

Contributors:

 Vishalkumar Kavade
,
 Mitali Bodhankar
,
 Arun Patil
Research PaperID: AJPTR024311

Design, Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Mannich Bases of Novel Isoindole Analogues

Dinesh Sachan, Jitendra Pratap Singh, Dipti Sachan, Shikha Gangwar

  The most significant synthesis of isoindoles (phthalimides) is the dehydrative condensation of phthalic anhydride at high temperature with primary amines (adenine). Novel isoindole analogues with adenine can be synthesized through condensation of phthalic anhydride or substituted phthalic anhydride and purine (adenine). In this study only one type of isoindole analogues (phthalimides) were synthesized using mono bromo phthalic anhydride with primary amine (adenine). Different Mannich bases of isoindole analogues were synthesized using various types of aliphatic amines with variable yields (60- 80%). These Mannich bases were identified and confirmed by FT-IR, NMR and elemental analysis. The antimicrobial assay of these synthesized analogues was tested against H. pylori, E. coli, P. auroginosa, S. typhi, B. subtilis, B. threogensis, S. aureus, MRSA, A. niger, and were found to be active at Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] range of 125-1000 µg/ml. The most active compounds in the series was S-3 which has shown antibacterial activity against H. pylori at MIC of 125 µg/ml. This compound was identified as lead compounds and further molecular modification is in progress.

Isoindole (Phthalimide)Mannich basesAntimicrobial activity.
39,407 views
11,867 downloads

Contributors:

 Dinesh Sachan
,
 Jitendra Pratap Singh
,
 Dipti Sachan
,
 Shikha Gangwar
Research PaperID: AJPTR024312

Design and Characterization of Microspheres of Anti Hypertensive Drug Using Biodegradable Natural Polymers

T. S. Keerthi, S. K. Senthilkumar

  Present investigation describes preparation of microspheres by solvent evaporation followed by in vitro characterization of microspheres to evaluate the effect of method of preparation on physical properties and drug release profile of microspheres. The microspheres were found to be discrete, spherical with free flowing properties. The morphology (Scanning Electron Microscopy), particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency and their release profiles were investigated. The yield was found to be maximum in case of solvent evaporation method. The microsphere prepared by solvent evaporation method was found in ranges of 250-50 μm, respectively. The microspheres formulation prepared by solvent evaporation method the drug carrier interactions were investigated in solid state by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy study. In vitro drug release rate for A microsphere was found to be sustained over 12 hours. Hence, it can be concluded that the Formulation prepared by solvent evaporation method, has potential to deliver Losartan Potassium in a controlled manner in a regular fashion over extended period of time in Comparison to all other formulations and can be adopted for a successful oral delivery of Losartan potassium for safe management of hypertension.

Losartan potassiumsustained drug deliverysodium alginate microspheresnatural polymerssolvent evaporation technique.
39,533 views
11,841 downloads

Contributors:

 T. S. Keerthi
,
 S. K. Senthilkumar
Research PaperID: AJPTR024313

Pharmacognostical Study and Development of Quality Control Parameters for Cucumis melo Linn

Nazeem Fahamiya, Mohammed Aslam, Aisha Siddiqui, Mohamed Shiffa, Afthab Ahmed, Masood Shah Khan

  Cucumis melo Linn. (family cucurbitaceae) is extensively cultivated throughout India particularly in the hot and dry North-Western areas. Its fruit pulp, root, seeds and seed oil are used for medicinal purposes. In Unani medicine, the seed kernel is commonly used to treat various disease conditions. Seeds are having diuretic, lithontriptic, laxative, demulcent and refrigerant properties. There are many varieties of melon available and they also show great diversity in foliage. Hence, adultration is very common with this plant. Standardization provides a more reliable, effective and high-quality product by confirming the presence of plant constituents qualitatively and quantitatively. Hence, efforts have been made to standardize the seed to provide scientific data for identification, authentication and distinguishing the plant from its adulterants. The morphological, microscopic, physicochemical and chromatographic studies of Cucumis melo seed will be useful for quality control of this drug in formulations and would serve as a standard reference for further studies. Key words: Adultration, Cucumis melo, flavonoid, phenolic, standardization

AdultrationCucumis meloflavonoidphenolicstandardization
39,372 views
11,814 downloads

Contributors:

 Nazeem Fahamiya
,
 Mohammed Aslam
,
 Aisha Siddiqui
,
 Mohamed Shiffa
,
 Afthab Ahmed
,
 Masood Shah Khan
Research PaperID: AJPTR024314

Determination of Enzyme Rate Constant Following Cypermethrin Administration in Male Albino Rat

V. Muthuviveganandavel, Hemalatha M2 Muthuraman Pandurangan

Cypermethrin is synthetic pesticide that has been in use for more than a decade. A study of a low-dose exposure of this pesticide in rat administered, followed by determination of enzyme rate constant will highlight early catalytic changes that generally accompanied a toxic response in the animal. Even though, cypermethrin was used at 5 mM, for durations of 6, 12 and 24 h in the different groups of rats, results of the study indicate that simultaneous with changes in enzyme activity and rate constant of selected enzymes in selected tissues and serum. Tissue specific changes in the enzyme rate constant were suggestive of the lack of tissue resistance to pyrethroids.  Key words: Cypermethrin; ALT; AST; ALP; ACP; GGT

CypermethrinALTASTALPACPGGT
39,726 views
11,968 downloads

Contributors:

 V. Muthuviveganandavel
,
 Hemalatha M2 Muthuraman Pandurangan
Research PaperID: AJPTR024315

Assessment of Intravenous Admixtures in Hospitalized Patients of a Rural Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

K. V. Ramanath, Hymavathi R

  Intravenous Incompatibilities are ‘undesirable reactions which occur when two are more drugs are administered through a single intravenous line or given in a single solution’, will leads to experience toxicity or an incomplete therapeutic effect in the patient.   Hence the present study mainly focused on clinical pharmacist assessment in intravenous admixtures administration.This study was an observational, prospective study method. When a single (drug solution) two or more drug (drug-drug solution compatibilities) administered directly into the infusion or in the same infusion line, the compatibility of the drug will be checked by using primary, secondary or tertiary resources. A one day workshop was conducted for the nursing professionals about intravenous incompatibilities for increasing the awareness and for providing of standardized nursing care services while administering of intravenous drugs. The results of this study showed that out of 145 combinations; 25 (17.24%) are compatible, 41 (28.28%) incompatible, 10 (6.9%) variable and 69 (47.58%) undocumented.  Comparative evaluation of pre and post test score percentage of 78 participants showed that,  ≤ 40 percentage score was observed in 37.18% in pre-evaluation test whereas only 5.13% was observed in the post-evaluation test, and interestingly  >80 percentage score was not found in the pre-evaluation test, whereas 7.69% participants  scored in the post-evaluation test . This study showed that Clinical Pharmacist assessment in intravenous admixture will helps in minimizing of incompatibilities ,  unidentified area research gaps , and also make the nurses  to aware about nursing care /precautions in intravenous administration. Key words: Intravenous admixtures, Incompatibilities, Clinical Pharmacist.

Intravenous admixturesIncompatibilitiesClinical Pharmacist.
39,535 views
12,043 downloads

Contributors:

 K. V. Ramanath
,
 Hymavathi R
Research PaperID: AJPTR024316

Optimization of Roll Compaction/Dry Granulation (Rcdg) Process for Poorly Flowable Antiviral Formulation

Gurpreet Kaur, D.B. Sridhar, Manoj Gera

  In this investigation, roll compaction/dry granulation (RCDG) process was optimized for formulation of model amorphous drug candidate with fine-fluffy nature and poor flowability.  Three operating parameters the roller speed, the hydraulic pressure and the granulator speed on the Alexanderwerk WP 120 Pharma Roll Compactor were varied. The planned response variable for study was % retention over #60 BSS mesh. The number of compaction cycles required to get not less than 90% retention over #60 BSS mesh were evaluated. These optimized operating parameters were used during drug granulation for formulation variable optimization. The granules obtained from process optimization study were compressed at kilogram scale using ingredients in concentration selected from formulation optimization study to evaluate for the loss in tabletability, a phenomenon commonly observed with RCDG technology. The roll compaction operating parameters that simultaneously met all constraints were roller speed 4 rpm, hydraulic pressure 70 bars and granulator speed 30 rpm with course mesh screen of 2.0 mm, fine screen of 1.0 mm and three compaction cycles. The results of the drug release profile and physico-chemical evaluation of tablets confirmed that judicious optimization of process parameters and selection of appropriate excipients could lead to successful drug formulation by RCDG technology.

roller compactiondry granulationpowder flow propertysegregationloss in tablet abilitydesign of experiments (DOEs)
39,622 views
11,938 downloads

Contributors:

 Gurpreet Kaur
,
 D.B. Sridhar
,
 Manoj Gera
Research PaperID: AJPTR024317

Simultaneous Determination of Ritonavir and Atazanavir in Human Plasma by LC-MS/MS and Its Pharmacokinetic Application

Laxminarayana Burugula, Nageswara Rao Pilli, Ajitha Makula, Durga Srinivas Lodagala, Rajnarayana Kandhagatla

A simple and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay method has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of two protease inhibitors ritonavir and atazanavir in human plasma. Saquinavir was used as an internal standard. The analytes were extracted from human plasma samples by solid-phase extraction technique using a Orpheus C18 extraction cartridges. The reconstituted samples were chromatographed on a C18 column by using a 85:15 (v/v) mixture of methanol and 5mM ammonium acetate as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. The calibration curves obtained were linear (r ³ 0.99) over the concentration range of 8.0-1600.0 ng/mL for ritonavir and 50.5-5995.2 ng/mL for atazanavir. The results of the intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy studies were well within the acceptable limits. A run time of 2.0 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 300 plasma samples per day. The proposed method was found to be applicable to clinical studies.

Ritonaviratazanavirhuman plasmasolid-phase extractionLC-MS/MSpharmacokinetics
40,049 views
12,094 downloads

Contributors:

 Laxminarayana Burugula
,
 Nageswara Rao Pilli
,
 Ajitha Makula
,
 Durga Srinivas Lodagala
,
 Rajnarayana Kandhagatla
Research PaperID: AJPTR024318

Microencapsulation of a Mixture of Herbal Extracts by Non Solvent Addition Method

SeemanchalaRath, Bijan Kumar Gupta, NripendraNath Bala

  Stress is a biological response to aversive conditions that tend to threaten or perturb the homeostasis of the organisms. Stress is one of the basic factors in the etiology of number of diseases and stress has been postulated to be involved in pathogenesis of various diseases, such as psychiatric disorders like depression and anxiety, immune suppression, endocrine disorder like diabetes mellitus, impotency, cognitive dysfunction, peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis and cardiovascular disorder like atherosclerosis and hypertension. So a mixture of herbal extracts like Arjuna, Ashwagandha, Brahmi and Shankhapushpi in equal ratios was microencapsulated using different types of wall polymers by non solvent addition method. Microcapsules were evaluated for their percentage yield, percentage actual drug content, percentage extract entrapment efficiency, flowability and drug release kinetics. Kollicoat SR 30 D and aluminium stearate were observed as effective in prevention of particle aggregation during phase separation.  Microcapsules were shown controlled drug release pattern for 12 hours due to the presence of Eudragit RS 100 and Eudragit RL 100. Both these wall polymers are responsible for controlling the drug release from microcapsules through diffusion in phosphate buffer medium having pH 7.4.

Aluminium stearateControlled releaseDissolutionEudragitHerbal extractsKollicoat SR 30 D.
40,290 views
12,080 downloads

Contributors:

 SeemanchalaRath
,
 Bijan Kumar Gupta
,
 NripendraNath Bala
Research PaperID: AJPTR024319

Evaluation of phytocontents of extract of Gloriosa superba Linn. by Thin layer chromatography and their antioxidant activity

Dharmendra Singh, Manish Mishra, Anirudha Singh Yadav

  The Present paper deals with pharmacological aspects and phytochemical screening of G. superba Linn. by Thin layer chromatography. The extract showed the presence of various phytocompounds like alkaloids and flavonoids. TLC profiling of G. superba linn extract give an idea about the presence of various phytochemicals. Different Rf (Retention factor) value of various phytochemicals provide valuable clue regarding their polarity and selection of solvents for separation of phytochemicals. In vitro antioxidant activity was carried out with the extract using Nitric oxide assay with ascorbic acid as a standard. The extract had shown significant antioxidant activity. The results of the Nitric oxide scavenging activity study indicate a concentration dependent antioxidant activity. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was found to be 22.3 ± 3 µg g-1Gallic acid equivalents (GAE) and the flavonoid was 47 ± 5.4 µg g-1 quercetin equivalents. The Nitric oxide scavenging activity of the extract was found to be promising and IC50 of extract was 119.06±.19. It indicates that the hydro alcoholic leave extract of the plant has the potency of scavenging free radicals in vitro and may provide leads in the ongoing search for natural antioxidants from Indian medicinal plants to be used in treating diseases related to free radical reactions. Key words: Thin layer chromatography, Gloriosa superba linn., Antioxidant activity.

Thin layer chromatographyGloriosa superba linn.Antioxidant activity.
40,489 views
12,108 downloads

Contributors:

 Dharmendra Singh
,
 Manish Mishra
,
 Anirudha Singh Yadav
Research PaperID: AJPTR024320

Development and Validation of Solvent Extraction Spectrophotometric Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Doxofylline and Terbutaline sulphate In their Combined Dosage Form

Maulik Oza, Jagdish Kakadiya, Chirag Oza

Simple, specific, accurate, precise and reproducible method have been developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of both drugs in their combined dosage form. UV spectrophotometric method was a determination using the solvent extraction method at 277 nm and 279 nm over the concentration range 10-50 and 20-60 μg/ml for Doxofylline in chloroform and terbutaline sulphate in water respectively. The % recoveries of the both the drugs were found to be 100.34% – 100.72 % and 98.25– 99.19 % respectively. Method was statistically validated for accuracy, precision, specificity, LOQ, robustness and ruggedness according to ICH guidelines and can be used for analysis of combined dosage form. Key words: Doxofylline, Terbutaline sulphate, Solvent Extraction Spectrophotometric method.

DoxofyllineTerbutaline sulphateSolvent Extraction Spectrophotometric method.
40,450 views
12,122 downloads

Contributors:

 Maulik Oza
,
 Jagdish Kakadiya
,
 Chirag Oza
Research PaperID: AJPTR024321

Studies on the Cytotoxic Effect of Benzopyrene in Liver of Swiss Albino Mice

Gajendran Nithya, Mangalathu Sukumaran Pillai Veena, Sathiamoorthy Dhivya, Sivalingam Murugan, Aruldass Ilakkia, Dhanapal Sakthisekaran

The most important problem that humanity is facing in this century is environmental pollution. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are abundant pollutants and many of them are carcinogenic. The most important PAH is Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] which is formed by the incomplete combustion of organic substances, cigarette smoke, charcoal and grilling of food. Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P]  has been shown to cause mutagenic, carcinogenic and cytotoxic effects in various species and tissues. The present study was aimed to divulge the cytotoxic effect of B(a)P induced oxidative damage in liver of male Swiss albino mice. Animals were divided into 3 groups of which Group I served as control and were given corn oil, Group II animals were administered with B(a)P (100 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in corn oil orally thrice a week for three successive weeks for an induction period of 6 weeks, Group III animals were  administered with B(a)P (100 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in corn oil orally thrice a week for three successive weeks for an induction period of  12 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the extracted liver tissue was investigated biochemically for cytotoxic markers, oxidative stress markers, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes .The evaluation of these enzymes and their activities reflect the severity of damage caused to the membrane or to the organ itself.  The data suggests that the difference in morphology and cellular changes in liver on exposure to B(a)P is time dependent. Key words: PAH, B(a)P, toxicity, swiss albino mice,  liver, oxidative stress

PAHB(a)Ptoxicityswiss albino miceliveroxidative stress
40,381 views
12,132 downloads

Contributors:

 Gajendran Nithya
,
 Mangalathu Sukumaran Pillai Veena
,
 Sathiamoorthy Dhivya
,
 Sivalingam Murugan
,
 Aruldass Ilakkia
,
 Dhanapal Sakthisekaran
Research PaperID: AJPTR024322

Determination of Residual Solvents in Citalopram Hydrobromide by Gas Chromatography

Rajan V. Rele, R. N. Mali

  Residual solvents in intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredient were monitored by using gas chromatography. It is mandatory to control adequately the quality of active pharmaceutical ingredient by checking the levels of residual solvents. A systematic approach for the identification and quantification of residual solvents in citalopram hydrobromide was described in proposed analytical method. The analysis was carried  on DB624 (30 m x 0.32 mm id, 5 µm  coating thickness) capillary column by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. It was validated as per ICH guidelines1. The method was validated for system suitability, specificity, LOD, LOQ, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness. The method described was simple, sensitive, reliable and reproducible for the quantization of residual solvents at levels as per ICH guideline. Key words: Citalopram hydrobromide, Active pharmaceutical ingredient, Residual solvent, Gas chromatography

Citalopram hydrobromideActive pharmaceutical ingredientResidual solventGas chromatography
40,600 views
12,109 downloads

Contributors:

 Rajan V. Rele
,
 R. N. Mali
Research PaperID: AJPTR024323

Essential oil Composition of the Fruits of Amomum subulatum Roxb

Gopal Kumar, Baby Chauhan, Mohammed Ali

  Amomum subulatum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) is a perennial herb grown in Sikkim, Darjeeling, Assam, Bhutan and Nepal. Its fruits are used to treat in digestion, vomiting, biliousness, abdominal pain, rectal, throat and lung diseases, inflammation of the eyelids and liver complaints. Hydrodistilled essential oil obtained from the fruits of A. subulatum grown in northeast region of Sikkim, was analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS techniques. The oil was consisted of 20 components including the major ones 1,8 cineole (65.39%), α-terpineol (10.15%), β-pinene (7.23%), α-pinene (4.06%), linalool oxide (3.23%), and limonene (2.53%).

Amomum subulatumZingiberaceaeFruitsessential oil composition.
40,512 views
12,265 downloads

Contributors:

 Gopal Kumar
,
 Baby Chauhan
,
 Mohammed Ali
Research PaperID: AJPTR024324

Evaluation of In-Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of extract of Ocimum Sanctum linn

T. Satapathy, B. Meher, S. Roy, J. Parida, S. P. Tiwari, B. Tripathy

  The objective of the study was to investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum leaf. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using in vitro Ferric reducing power, Free radical scavenging activity by DPPH  method, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, Hyaluronidase inhibition assay. The effect was compared with a known antioxidant agent (BHA/Ascorbic acid). It was found that the extract at different concentration exhibited significant dose dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect Key words: Ocimum sanctum, Free radical, DPPH, Hyaluronidase inhibition

Ocimum sanctumFree radicalDPPHHyaluronidase inhibition
40,629 views
12,324 downloads

Contributors:

 T. Satapathy
,
 B. Meher
,
 S. Roy
,
 J. Parida
,
 S. P. Tiwari
,
 B. Tripathy
Research PaperID: AJPTR024325

In-Vitro Studies of Antioxidant and Membrane Stabilization Activity of 2-Substituted 4, 5-Diphenyl Imidazole Derivatives

G.P.Gigi Sam, A. Jerad Suresh, Ajithadas Aruna, V. Niraimathi

  A novel series of 2-substituted 4,5-diphenyl imidazoles were synthesized and investigated for their antioxidant activity and membrane stabilization activity. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical assay was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the extract. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds increased in a concentration dependent manner. In DPPH radical scavenging assay the IC50 value of the compounds ranged from 40 to 200µg/ml. The membrane stabilization activity of the compounds was evaluated using human red blood cells (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. The concentration of 88.88 to 444.44µg/ml showed a dose dependent inhibition of haemolysis of erythrocytes induced by hypotonic solution. Key words: DPPH, antioxidant, membrane stabilization

DPPHantioxidantmembrane stabilization
40,793 views
12,272 downloads

Contributors:

 G.P.Gigi Sam
,
 A. Jerad Suresh
,
 Ajithadas Aruna
,
 V. Niraimathi
Research PaperID: AJPTR024326

Mucoadhesive Microemulsion Based Prolonged Release Vaginal Gel for Anti-Fungal Drug

Anita Patel, Jayvadan Patel

  The objective of the present investigation was to develop and evaluate microemulsion based gel for the vaginal delivery of Sertaconazole. The solubility of Sertaconazole in various oils, surfactants and co-surfactants were checked to identify components of the microemulsion. The ternary diagrams were plotted to identify the area of microemulsion existence. Various gelling agents were evaluated for their potential to gel the Sertaconazole microemulsion without affecting its structure. Carbopol 940 was selected for the formulation of microemulsion based gel. The prepared formulations of Sertaconazole Microemulsion based gel was evaluated by checking its pH, spreadability, rheological studies, mucoadhesive strength, in-vitro drug release studies and ex-vivo retention studies. The Sertaconazole Microemulsion based gel showed good in vitro bioadhesion and anti-fungal activity. The Sertaconazole Microemulsion based gel has potential be successfully used for the topical treatment of vaginal candidiasis.

Phase diagramMicroemulsion based gelMucoadhesionVaginal candidiasis
41,184 views
12,279 downloads

Contributors:

 Anita Patel
,
 Jayvadan Patel
Research PaperID: AJPTR024327

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Gel containing Extracts of Albezia Lebbeck linn

Anurag Sharma, Sumeet Dwivedi, Ganesh P. Mishra, Hemant Joshi

  The present research has been undertaken with the aim to formulate and evaluate the herbal gel containing A. lebbeck Linn. bark extract. The gel formulation was designed by using aqueous, ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts in varied concentrations along with different polymer. The physiochemical parameters of formulations (pH, viscosity, spreadability etc.) were determined. The results showed that formulation containing 2.5 gm of ethanolic extract of Albezia lebbeck bark have promising effect than other formulations.

Albezia lebbeckBarkGelEvaluation
41,401 views
12,383 downloads

Contributors:

 Anurag Sharma
,
 Sumeet Dwivedi
,
 Ganesh P. Mishra
,
 Hemant Joshi
Research PaperID: AJPTR024328

Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride and Phenylephrine in Bulk and In Tablet Dosage Form

Deepali S. Tuljapure, Narendra M. Gowekar, Savita S.Yadav, Aashish S. Mogale

  The present work deals with development and validation for simultaneous determination of antihistaminic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations. A rapid, precise and specific high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for Levocetirizine dihydrochloride and Phenylephrine. Chromatographic separations was achieved on Waters Younglin system C-18 (5μm, 250×4.6 mm) HPLC column within a short runtime of 10 min. HPLC system having isocratic mode, with mobile phase containing methanol : water (pH 3) (70:30% v/v) and flow rate maintained at 1.0 mL/min was used. Effluents were monitored at 230 nm. Retention time of Levocetirizine dihydrochloride and Phenylephrine were found to be 2.6 and 4.6 min respectively. Linearity was studied in the concentration range of 2 to 12 μg/mL and 12 to 72 μg/ mL for Levocetirizine dihydrochloride and Phenylephrine respectively, with a correlation coefficient of 0.998 and 0.999 respectively. The proposed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines with respect to specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness.

RP-HPLCLevocetirizine dihydrochloridePhenylephrineSpecificityValidation
41,446 views
12,425 downloads

Contributors:

 Deepali S. Tuljapure
,
 Narendra M. Gowekar
,
 Savita S.Yadav
,
 Aashish S. Mogale
Research PaperID: AJPTR024329

Gastrointestinal Mucoadhesive Patch System for Oral Administration of Metronidazole

G R Audity, B Shyamala, R Ashutosh, K Aisha, P Vinay

  Advancement in science and technology has leds to an evolution of controlled drug delivery as one of the important facets of novel drug delivery with an aim of designing therapeutically efficient dosage forms.  With this insight an attempt was made in designing an oral patch system developed with an inspiration to mimic transdermal drug delivery system. The hypothesis involved development of a compressed patch system for achieving steady therapeutic levels of a model antiprotozoal antibiotic Metronidazole. The patch system comprises of a poorly permeable layer, a mucoadhesive layer containing drug-loaded microspheres and a backing layer. The drug content of microspheres was found to be 50% with an average particle size of 100m. Individual layers of patch system were evaluated for folding endurance, flexibility, thickness and mucoadhesion test. Finally compressed patch system was folded and encapsulated into hard gelatin capsule, then subjected for in-vitro dissolution test in phosphate buffer and also for in-vitro diffusion across cellophane membrane and rat intestine. Drug-excipient compatibility studies revealed no interaction. The stability data further assured the stability of formulations. Thus formulations seem to match mostly gastro retentive category of sustained release forms through bio-adhesion approach concluding an easier, controlled and safer means of oral administration. Key words: Mucoadhesion, compressed patch system, gastro retentive device.

Mucoadhesioncompressed patch systemgastro retentive device.
41,229 views
12,535 downloads

Contributors:

 G R Audity
,
 B Shyamala
,
 R Ashutosh
,
 K Aisha
,
 P Vinay
Research PaperID: AJPTR024330

Effects of Pongamia Pinnata Hydro-Alcoholic Leaf Extract, In I/R Induced Renal Failure in Rats

Saiprasanna Behera, S. Manohar Babu, Y. Roja Ramani, Prasanta Kumar Choudhury

  Toxic oxygen radicals play a role in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the kidney. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Pongamia pinnata (PP) leaves, a plant rich in flavonoids in I/R induced renal failure in rats. Antioxidant activity of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Pongamia pinnata was determined by DPPH free radical, and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. The protective effect of Pongamia pinnata leaves against the damage inflicted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during renal I/R was investigated in Wistar albino rats using histopathological and biochemical parameters. Animals were subjected to occlusion of both the renal pedicles for 45min followed by 24h of reperfusion. Pongamia pinnata hydro-alcoholic leaf extract (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered 8 weeks prior to ischemia. At the end of the reperfusion period, rats were sacrificed. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined in renal tissue. Serum creatinine, Serum Cystatin C, serum oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations were measured for the evaluation of renal function. Ischemic control animals demonstrated severe deterioration of renal function, renal morphology and a significant renal oxidative stress. Pretreatment of animals with Pongamia pinnata hydro-alcoholic leaf extract markedly attenuated renal dysfunction, morphological alterations, reduced elevated malondialdehyde levels and restored the depleted renal antioxidant enzymes. The findings imply that ROS play a causal role in I/R induced renal injury and Pongamia pinnata leaves exert renoprotective effects probably by the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities. Key words: Pongamia pinnata, hydro-alcoholic leaf extract, antioxidant, renal ischemia

Pongamia pinnatahydro-alcoholic leaf extractantioxidantrenal ischemia
41,386 views
12,523 downloads

Contributors:

 Saiprasanna Behera
,
 S. Manohar Babu
,
 Y. Roja Ramani
,
 Prasanta Kumar Choudhury
Research PaperID: AJPTR024331

Formulation Optimization of A Floating Extended Release Matrix Tablet of Metformin Hydrochloride

Bijan Kumar Gupta, Suman Sudha Sethy, Gouranga Nandi, Debjani Sarkar, Lakshmi Kanta Ghosh

  The purpose of the present study was to develop an optimized gastric floating extended release matrix tablet of Metformin hydrochloride (FERMTs) using a hydrophilic polymer, HPMC K4M, a hydrophobic polymer ethyl cellulose and sodium bicarbonate as buoyancy contributor. The formulation of FERMTs were designed by D-optimal mixture design taking % of HPMC K4M, ethyl cellulose and sodium bicarbonate as formulation variables and prepared by wet granulation method. The FERMTs were then evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, content uniformity, in vitro drug release and floating capacity. Finally, the floating lag time (FLT) and cumulative % drug release at 1h, 2h, 6h and 10h were taken as response variables and the FERMT formulation was numerically optimized by D-optimal mixture design using Design-Expert software (version 8.1). The optimized formula showed excellent floating efficiency over 10 h period with FLT of 9.61 mins. The release profile of optimized formula showed much closed similarity with that of USP reference dissolution profile (f2 value= 87.95). Analysis of dissolution data showed that the kinetic of drug release followed Korsemeyer-Peppas and Higuchi model.

Floating tabletExtended-releaseMixture-DesignMetformin hydrochloride.
41,951 views
12,605 downloads

Contributors:

 Bijan Kumar Gupta
,
 Suman Sudha Sethy
,
 Gouranga Nandi
,
 Debjani Sarkar
,
 Lakshmi Kanta Ghosh
Research PaperID: AJPTR024332

Simultaneous Determination of Aceclofenac and Thiocolchicoside in Formulation by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Rajan V. Rele, Swapnil. A. Sawant

  Rapid and accurate isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography method is described for simultaneous determination of aceclofenac and thiocolchicoside in the combination dosage form. The separation of two drugs was achieved on Thermo Hypersil BDS C18 (250 mm X 4.6 mm) column of 5 µm particle size. Mobile phase consisted of 42:58 of acetonitrile and buffer of pH 6 respectively. Detection was carried out at 261 nm. Thermo Hypersil BDS C18 column showed most favorable chromatographic parameters for analysis. The method was validated for system suitability, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and stability of sample solution. The linear range for aceclofenac and Thiocolchicoside was 25-125 μg/ml and 1-6 μg/ml respectively.

ThiocolchicosideAceclofenacPharmaceutical dosage formHigh pressure liquid chromatography.
42,006 views
12,566 downloads

Contributors:

 Rajan V. Rele
,
 Swapnil. A. Sawant
Research PaperID: AJPTR024333

Design and Development of Solid Dispersions of Simvastatin for Enhancing the Solubility

M. Sukanya, V. Sai Kishore

  The aim of the present work was to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of simvastatin, a drug used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Simvastatin is a selective competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase. However its absolute bioavailability is 5 %. To increase the solubility of drug solid dispersion was prepared. Solid dispersion preliminary solubility analysis was carried out for the selection of carriers and solid dispersion was prepared with PEG 4000 and PVP-K30. These solid dispersions were analyzed for the solubility and In-vitro dissolution profile, solid dispersion of drug with PEG 4000 had shown enhanced solubility with improved dissolution rate. Further FTIR, X-Ray studies were carried out. Solid dispersion prepared with PEG 4000 in 1:5 ratio shows the presence of amorphous form confirmed by the characterization study .The study also shows the that dissolution rate of Simvastatin can be enhanced to considerable extent by solid dispersion technique with PEG4000. Key words: Hyperlipidemia, solid dispersion, PEG4000, PVP-K30.

Hyperlipidemiasolid dispersionPEG4000PVP-K30.
42,199 views
12,694 downloads

Contributors:

 M. Sukanya
,
 V. Sai Kishore
Research PaperID: AJPTR024334

Comparative Efficiency of Cyclodextrins in Enhancing Solubility and Dissolution of Candesartan Cilexetil by a Novel Process of Fluidized Bed Coating

S. P. Bhilegaonkar, R. S. Gaud

  Effect of cyclodextrins such as beta cyclodextrins (βCD), gamma cyclodextrins (γCD) and a modified cyclodextrins such as hydroxypropylated beta cyclodextrins (HPβCD) was assessed on enhancing solubility and dissolution of a poorly water soluble drug candesartan cilexetil. Stoichiometry of the reaction and affinity constant values for all above mentioned cyclodextrins were found out by phase solubility analysis. Drug and cyclodextrin complexes were prepared in two ratio’s as 1:1 and 1:2 by a novel process of fluidized bed coating using pam glat coater. All complexes were evaluated for increase in solubility and dissolution rate and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Key words- candesartan cilexetil, cyclodextrin complexes, fluidized bed coating, phase solubility analysis, solubility.

candesartan cilexetilcyclodextrin complexesfluidized bed coatingphase solubility analysissolubility.
42,023 views
12,701 downloads

Contributors:

 S. P. Bhilegaonkar
,
 R. S. Gaud
Research PaperID: AJPTR024335

To Prepare a Poly Herbal Formulation Containing Pluchea lanceolata and Vitex negundo and Evaluate its Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Topical Application

Killol S Chokshi, Divyesh B Ladola, Jaimin S Suthar, Anupsinh J Solanki, Sandeep Patel, Keyur B Ahir

  The aim of the study was to prepare a poly herbal formulation containing five herbs in the base of sesame oil and comparing its activity by using the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model. The plants used in the study were Pluchea lanceolata, Vitex negundo, Solanum xanthocarpum, Cleorodandrum phlomoides and Curcuma longa. The oil obtained was applied topically to check the anti-inflammatory activity and comparing its efficacy with the standard which was marketed topical anti-inflammatory oil. The oil having more constituent of Vitex negundo in poly herbal formulation was found out to be having more potency in comparison to rest of the prepared samples as well as the marketed sample.

CarrageenanAnti-inflammatoryTopical applicationOedemaPotency.
42,059 views
12,668 downloads

Contributors:

 Killol S Chokshi
,
 Divyesh B Ladola
,
 Jaimin S Suthar
,
 Anupsinh J Solanki
,
 Sandeep Patel
,
 Keyur B Ahir
Research PaperID: AJPTR024336

Drug Utilization Study of Anti-Malarial Drugs in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Dhara M. Limbachia, Rina N. Desai, I. S. Anand, C. N. Patel

  To evaluate the prescribing pattern of anti-malarial drug and to assess the adherence of anti-malarial drugs prescribing according to Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of malaria in India 2011 and to explore the possibility of development of resistance with anti-malarial drugs.A retrospective, Single-centric study with cases of anti-malarial drugs prescribed in duration of 1 year from Jan-2011 to Dec-2011 at Lions General hospital, Mehsana, Gujarat, India. Data were analyzed with different evaluations. A total of 474 cases were collected including 282 (59.49%) male and 192 (40.51%) female. Out of these 283 (59.70%) were uncomplicated, 115(24.26%) were complicated and 76 (16.04%) were seen of non-malaria prescribed with anti-malarial drugs. Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) was prescribed in 44(7.96%) patients. Artesunate monotherapy were prescribed in 230 (41.59%) patients. Adherence to National Guideline in cases with P. vivax malaria is 71.53% and for pregnant women and with mixed infection is 100%, while non adherence is more than 80% seen in P. falciparum malaria (87.39%) and clinical malaria (84%) cases. Artesunate and Chloroquine were also prescribed in non-malarial patients. Among all the cases IV injection of anti-malarial drugs prescribed were 48.82%. Average drug cost/prescription is INR 123.28 Rs and % drug cost on injection is 87.50%.This study shows the prescribing pattern of anti-malarial drug adherence to National Guideline therapy is low. Inappropriate use of anti-malarial drugs among the patients is very high. So possibility of development of resistance with anti-malarial drugs in the population will rapidly spread and cost of the prescription will burden on the patients. Key Words: Malaria, Anti-malarial drugs, Artesunate, Chloroquine, Drug resistance

MalariaAnti-malarial drugsArtesunateChloroquineDrug resistance
42,273 views
12,770 downloads

Contributors:

 Dhara M. Limbachia
,
 Rina N. Desai
,
 I. S. Anand
,
 C. N. Patel
Research PaperID: AJPTR024337

Formulation Design and Evaluation of Transdermal Film of Losartan Potassium Using Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Polymers

Manisha M. Rokade, Prasad R. Thakare, Smita R. Rupvate, Nitin B. Mahale, Sanjay R.Chaudhari

  The purpose of this research work was to develop and evaluate matrix-type transdermal therapeutic system containing Losartan potassium (LP) with different ratios of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymeric combinations. Formulations were prepared by using solvent evaporation technique. Matrix type transdermal film of Losartan Potassium, antihypertensive drug were prepared using different polymers like Ethyl Cellulose, Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose and Eudragit RL100 in varied ratios. The present study aims to formulate and evaluate Transdermal film for sustained release of Losartan potassium. The results suggested no physicochemical incompatibility between the drug and the polymers. All formulations carried dimethyl sulfoxide as penetration enhancer and propylene glycol as plasticizer in chloroform and ethanol as solvent system. The diffusion studies were performed by using modified Franz diffusion cells. The formulation, F1 with combination of polymers (4:1) emerging to be ideal formulations for Losartan potassium. The developed transdermal films increase the efficacy of for the therapy of hypertension, chronic stable angina pectoris, and Prinzmetal's variant angina. Physicochemical parameters were characterized. The permeability study indicates that the drug is suitable for Transdermal drug delivery. The film were evaluated for various parameters like Thickness, Water-Vapour permeability, Tensile Strength, moisture loss, moisture uptake, film folding endurance , Drug Content, flatness, surface pH, swellability, % elongation, skin irritation and Diffusion studies. The films were further evaluated by DSC to ensure uniform distribution of the drug and compatibility of drug with polymer. The Optimized formulation containing HPMC: Eudragit RL100 (4:1), with enhancer DMSO showed 87.13% drug release after 24 hours.

Ethyl celluloseEudragit RL100HPMCLosartan potassium
42,528 views
12,752 downloads

Contributors:

 Manisha M. Rokade
,
 Prasad R. Thakare
,
 Smita R. Rupvate
,
 Nitin B. Mahale
,
 Sanjay R.Chaudhari
Research PaperID: AJPTR024338

Identification and characterization of heavy metal-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its potential for bioremediation

Jasmine R, Venkadesan B, Ragul K

  The present study deals with isolation, identification and characterization of heavy metal resistant bacteria isolated from sewage water collected in and around Trichy district, South India. Initially, among 26 of the total isolates screened from sewage water, one isolate was selected for study based on high level of heavy metal resistances. On the basis of morphological, biochemical, 16S rDNA gene sequencing and phylogeny analysis revealed that, the isolate was authentically identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The sewage isolate exhibited resistance to Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn). The maximum tolerance concentration (MTC) of the isolate against Ag, Cu and Zn was determined in solid media. The uptake of heavy metals, present in sewage and detoxification of metal ions by bacteria provide an additional mechanism of environmental bioremediation. The identified heavy metal resistant bacteria could be useful for the bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated sewage and waste water. Key words: Heavy metals; copper; silver; zinc; metal tolerance

Heavy metalscoppersilverzincmetal tolerance
42,738 views
12,807 downloads

Contributors:

 Jasmine R
,
 Venkadesan B
,
 Ragul K
Research PaperID: AJPTR024339

Formulation and Evaluation of Sublimed Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Aceclofenac

Mohd Azharuddin, Krishnananda Kamath, A.R. Shabaraya, Subash S. Pillai, Srinivas Hebbar, Narasimharaj Manja

  Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic drug used in the treatment of rheumatic arthritis, post-traumatic pain, masculo-skeletal and joint disorder. Problem with this drug is poor solubility in water hence poor bioavailability after oral administration. The objective of the research work was to develop and evaluate mouth dissolving tablets of Aceclofenac by using sublimation technique. The sublimation technique is used to increase the porosity of the tablets in which camphor was used as subliming agents which in turn forms the porous structure on the surface of tablets after sublimation. Aspartame was used as sweetening agent. The formulated tablets were evaluated for different parameters like weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, disintegration time, wetting time, water absorption ratio, and In-vitro dissolution studies. Based on the results, formulation F-3 & F-6 containing Crosprovidon and Kyron T-314 10% concentration as superdisintegrants showed the least wetting time of about 17 & 13 sec, disintegration time of 25 & 18 sec and drug release of about 89.13 & 99.14% within 180 sec respectively and was found to be promising and selected as the optimized formulations. From the results, it was concluded that mouth dissolving tablets with improved Aceclofenac dissolution could be prepared by sublimation of tablets containing suitable subliming agent. Key words: Aceclofenac, mouth dissolving tablets, in-vitro, sublimation technique.

Aceclofenacmouth dissolving tabletsin-vitrosublimation technique.
42,900 views
12,869 downloads

Contributors:

 Mohd Azharuddin
,
 Krishnananda Kamath
,
 A.R. Shabaraya
,
 Subash S. Pillai
,
 Srinivas Hebbar
,
 Narasimharaj Manja
Research PaperID: AJPTR024340

Design, Development and Evaluation of Multiple- Unit Beads of Gliclazide

Jadupati Malakar, Sujit Karmakar, Amites gangopadhyay Debajyoti Ghosh

  This present investigation deals with the design, development and evaluation of multiple unit beads containing gliclazide. The various gliclazide beads were prepared by ionotropic gelatin technique using sodium alginate, guargum and magnesium stearate in different ratios. These multiple unit beads were evaluated for size analysis, drug entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release in simulated gastric fluids (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). All these formulated showed sustained in vitro drug release in simulated gastric fluid over 6 hours. The gliclazide release was found to be more sustaining with the reduction of guargum content in the formulation .The drug release pattern of these multiple unit gliclazide beads (F-6 and F-7) were correlated well with first order model where F-1, F-4, F-5, F-8 and F-2 toF-3 was correlated well with Korsmeyer-Peppas model and Higuchi model with  non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. All the experimental results showed that the gliclazide loaded beads successfully sustain the drug release along with improve the oral bioavailability of candidate drug. 

Multiple unit beadsgastroretentivegliclazideionotropic-gelation.
42,866 views
12,873 downloads

Contributors:

 Jadupati Malakar
,
 Sujit Karmakar
,
 Amites gangopadhyay Debajyoti Ghosh
Research PaperID: AJPTR024341

Preliminary Studies on Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Jasminum Sambac (L.) Aiton in Experimental Animal Models

Jitendra Bhangale, Ravi Patel, Sanjeev Acharya, Khushbu Chaudhari

  Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton (Oleaceae) is traditionally used as an antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory agent. The objective of this study was to investigate experimentally the possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Jasminum sambac. The effect of petroleum ether extract of leaves of Jasminum sambac (PEJS) was evaluated in experimental models of pain and inflammation. The leaf extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg showed significant decrease in acetic acid induced writhings in mice with a maximum of 67.49 % at 400 mg/kg. In tail immersion and hot plate method, treatment with PEJS (200 and 400 mg/kg) showed significant (p

Jasminum sambacAnti-inflammatoryAnalgesic
42,872 views
12,871 downloads

Contributors:

 Jitendra Bhangale
,
 Ravi Patel
,
 Sanjeev Acharya
,
 Khushbu Chaudhari
Research PaperID: AJPTR024342

Qualitative Analysis of Serum Proteins in Oral Cancer Separated by SDS-PAGE

Nishant Sharma, B.R Shrivastav, Archana Shrivastav

  This study was conducted for qualitative estimation of serum proteins separated by SDS-PAGE in order to describe the definition of potential serum proteins that may act as diagnostic marker in oral cancer. Serum samples of 25 biopsy confirmed cases of oral cancer and normal controls of similar age group were subjected to SDS-PAGE on a 12% resolving gel, followed by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250. Protein fractions were analyzed using computer software program “Gene Genius Gel Documentation and Analysis System”. Major protein fractions ranging in molecular weights from 1.46-159 kDa were observed. Raw volumes of most of the protein fractions seem to be increased in majority of oral cancer cases as compared to normal control. Protein fractions 56-58 kDa were undetected in normal controls under 80 years of age but appeared in 54% of Oral cancer patient. Further advancement of this work could yield better resolution of protein fraction 56-58 kDa that could serve as marker for oral cancer.

oral cancerserum proteinanalysisSDS-PAGE.
42,981 views
12,983 downloads

Contributors:

 Nishant Sharma
,
 B.R Shrivastav
,
 Archana Shrivastav
Research PaperID: AJPTR024343

Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts Of Some Sciaenidae Fishes (Vertebrata: Actinopterigii; Perciformes) FROM PUDUCHERRY (South East Coast of India)

Malarvizhi. R, V. Anandhan, T.Ganesan, V. Muthuviveganandavel3 ⃰

  Fishes have some pronounced pharmacological activities or other properties which are useful in the biomedical area. In the present study crude methanol extracts from 4 species of sciaenidae (Johinus dussumeri, Kathala axillaris, Nibea maculate and Johnius trachy cephalus), Puducherry Coastal Area  were tested against five bacterial pathogens and one fungal pathogens. In bacterial activity the maximum inhibition zone 12mm was observed from Johinus dussumeri methanol extract against (Klebsiella pneumoniae). In antifungal activity maximum inhibition zone 6mm was noted from methanol extract of Nibea maculate against Candida albicans. Out the four species tested only one Nibea maculata has antifungal activity. This shows that fishes extremely strange to the fungal contact and its mediated infection. The antimicrobial property of the sciaenidae fish extracts reveals that they are low enough to bring the effect against pathogens. It may due to the incidence of bacterial presence in their habitat induce the fish to produce the antimicrobial compounds. Meager antimicrobial effect towards fungus may be of due to their rare presence in their habitat. The negative activity of other species could be attributed to the unsuitability of the method of extraction to the antibacterial screening.

Sciaenidae - Antibacterial - Antifungal - Puducherry.
43,433 views
12,984 downloads

Contributors:

 Malarvizhi. R
,
 V. Anandhan
,
 T.Ganesan
,
 V. Muthuviveganandavel3 ⃰
Research PaperID: AJPTR024344

Evaluation of analgesic activity of crude methanolic extract of Sciaenidae fishes. (Nibea maculata and Johnius dussumieri)

Malarvizhi. R1. V. Anandhan, V. Muthuviveganandavel2 ⃰

  The main objective of the present investigation is to evaluate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Nibea maculata and Johnius dussumieri on mice. Analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Nibea maculata and Johnius dussumieri at a dose of 50 mg/Kg and 100 mg /Kg were evaluated against drug pentazocine at a dose of 5 mg/Kg. Adult Swiss albino mice of either sex of six numbers in each group were under taken for study and evaluated by tail flick and tail immersion method. The both doses of Nibea maculata crude methanolic extract and Johnius dussumieri crude methanolic extract were found to produce significant (P

Nibea maculateJohnius dussumieriCrude methanolic extractTail flick methodTail immersion testPentazocine.
43,443 views
13,018 downloads

Contributors:

 Malarvizhi. R1. V. Anandhan
,
 V. Muthuviveganandavel2 ⃰
Research PaperID: AJPTR024345

Oral Submucous Fibrosis – Management of Two Cases

Ramachandran Sudarshan, Rajeshwari G.Annigeri, G. Sree Vijayabala

  Oral submucous fibrosis is a potentially malignant disorder with increased potential for malignant transformation. Major etiological factor for causation of OSMF is betel quid and gutka chewing habit. Patient with OSMF usually complains of burning sensation in the oral cavity and progressive difficulty in opening the mouth. Several management strategies have been tried in the treatment of OSMF and steroids are usually the mainstay of treatment for OSMF.  These case reports portray the etiology, clinical features and management of these cases.

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF)SteroidsBlanchingMouth opening
43,467 views
12,977 downloads

Contributors:

 Ramachandran Sudarshan
,
 Rajeshwari G.Annigeri
,
 G. Sree Vijayabala
Research PaperID: AJPTR024346

Angina Bullosa Hemorrhagica- A Rare Eruption

Ramachandran Sudarshan, Rajeshwari G.Annigeri, G. Sree Vijayabala

  Angina bullosa haemorrhagica is a rare blood filled vesiculobullous lesion of the oropharynx with the most common site being reported is the soft palate. Many etiological factors have been reported including trauma, hypertension, hyperglycemia and even iatrogenic causes. Management is based on the dimension of the lesion. Usually smaller lesions are self limiting, but larger lesions require surgical intervention. We report a case of rapidly expanding blood-filled bulla of the soft palate of size 2x4.5 mm with successful management by steroids. It was associated with tightness as prodromal symptom in the area followed by the bullae. The etiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis and management of the lesion is discussed.

Angina bullosa haemorrhagica (ABH)Soft palateDiabetes mellitus
43,412 views
13,131 downloads

Contributors:

 Ramachandran Sudarshan
,
 Rajeshwari G.Annigeri
,
 G. Sree Vijayabala
Research PaperID: AJPTR024347

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Piperazine Derivatives

Ravitas Deshmukh

  A series of substituted piperazine derivatives have been synthesized and tested for antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains like B. subtilis, B. pumillis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa . These entire compounds have been characterized by their IR and 1H NMR spectral data. All synthesized compounds showed significant activity against bacterial strains. The biological screening showed that the compounds Vc, Vd and Ve are the most active ones showing an interesting antibacterial activity.

Antibacterial activityPiperazineGram negative microorganismGram positive microorganism
43,833 views
13,181 downloads

Contributors:

 Ravitas Deshmukh
Research PaperID: AJPTR024348

Development and Validation of Dual Wavelength Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Nebivolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide In Tablet Dosage Form

Megha D. Madhekar, Narendra M. Gowekar, Kedareshwar G. Jadhav, Darshali S. Desai, Pooja P. Dhanawade, Savita N. Gowekar

  The present work describe simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate, precise and economic dual wavelength spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous estimation of Nebivolol hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide in combined tablet dosage form. The principle for dual wavelength method is “the absorbance difference between two points on the mixture spectra is directly proportional to the concentration of component of interest”. The utility of this method is its ability to calculate unknown concentration of components of interest in a mixture containing an interfering component. The method was based on determination of Nebivolol hydrochloride at 246 nm and 292 nm and Hydrochlorothiazide at 264 nm and 295 nm. The two drugs follow Beer’s law over the concentration range of 5-30 µg/ml. The method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical dosage form. The results of analysis have been validated as per ICH guidelines.

Nebivolol hydrochlorideHydochlorothiazideDual wavelength spectrophotometric methodValidation.
43,960 views
13,079 downloads

Contributors:

 Megha D. Madhekar
,
 Narendra M. Gowekar
,
 Kedareshwar G. Jadhav
,
 Darshali S. Desai
,
 Pooja P. Dhanawade
,
 Savita N. Gowekar
Research PaperID: AJPTR024349

Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Estimation of Dasatinib in bulk and its Pharmaceutical formulation

Arun Kumar Kalekar, B Ananta Rao, Yaswanth Allamneni, P Dayananda Chary, S Shanth Kumar, Navya Allamneni

  An isocratic reverse phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and subsequently validated for the determination of Dasatinib in Bulk and its pharmaceutical formulation. Separation was achieved with a Cosmicsil BDS C18 ((Make: Nomura chemicals (Japan); 150 x 4.6mm I.D; particle size 5 μm)) Column and Triethlyamine buffer (pH adjusted to 6.5 ± 0.05 with diluted orthophosphoric acid): Maethanol and Acetonitrile (50:50) v/v as eluent at flow rate 1.0 mL/min and the Column temperature was 35°C. UV detection was performed at 315 nm and sample temperature was maintained at 5°C. The method is simple, rapid, and selective. The described method of Dasatinib is linear over a range of 3.821 μg/mL to 57.314 μg/mL. The method precision for the determination of assay was below 2.0% RSD. The percentage recoveries of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from dosage forms ranged from 98.5 to 99.8 %. The method enables accurate, precise, and rapid analysis of Dasatinib. It can be conveniently adopted for routine quality control analysis of Bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

RP-HPLCDasatinibtyrosine kinases
43,747 views
13,230 downloads

Contributors:

 Arun Kumar Kalekar
,
 B Ananta Rao
,
 Yaswanth Allamneni
,
 P Dayananda Chary
,
 S Shanth Kumar
,
 Navya Allamneni
Research PaperID: AJPTR024350

Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery System of Pantoprazole Sodium by Direct Compression Technique

K. R. Bhendarkar, S. B. Waikar

  Fast dissolving drug delivery system offers a solution for those patients having difficulty in swallowing tablet. In the present study, an attempt has been made to formulate fast dissolving tablets of Pantoprazole Sodium Sesquihydrate using superdisintegrants such as Croscarmellose sodium (Ac‐Di‐Sol), Sodium starch glycolate (Explotab) and Crosspovidone by direct compression technique. The prepared tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, wetting time, weight variation, in vitro disintegration time and in vitro dissolution study. The hardness of the tablets was in the range of 3.0 ‐ 4.0 Kg/cm². The percentage friability of the tablets was less than one. Weight variation test results showed that the tablets were deviating from the average weight within the permissible limits of ±7.5 %. Drug content uniformity study results showed the uniform dispersion of the drug throughout the formulation i.e. 98.54% to 101.23%. Tablets containing Crosspovidone (F9) showed better disintegrating character along with the rapid release (99.83% drug within 4 minutes). No appreciable difference was found between the formulations containing other two superdisintegrants. Crosspovidone was found to be better suited for the formulation of mouth dissolving tablet of Pantoprazole Sodium Sesquihydrate compared to other superdisintegrarnts used in the study.

Fast&#8208dissolving tabletsPantoprazole Sodium SesquihydrateSuperdisintegrants
43,860 views
13,274 downloads

Contributors:

 K. R. Bhendarkar
,
 S. B. Waikar
Research PaperID: AJPTR024351

Development and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Salbutamol Sulphate and Theophylline

Sachin S. Namewar, Shekhar B.Waikar

  The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate gastroretentive effervescent floating  matrix  tablet of two anti-asthmatic drugs, Salbutamol sulphate and Theophylline which are often indicated for the management of asthma, their frequent dosing may reduce compliance, thus making a prolonged release formulation necessary. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation method using Hydroxy propyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a release retardant agent and sodium bicarbonate and Citric acid as a gas-generating agents. The prepared granules showed satisfactory flow properties and compressibility. Formulations were evaluated for in vitro drug release profile and swelling characteristics. The similarity factor and dissolution kinetics were used as parameters for selection of the best batch. The result of formulation C7 batch showed the best result and was found to extend the release of Salbutamol Sulphate and Theophylline upto 12 hr. and was found to be comparable with marketed sustained released tablet Theoasthalin SR (Cipla). The in- vitro drug release followed Korsemeyer-Peppas kinetics and the drug release mechanism was found to be of anomalous type i.e, swelling and diffusion.

Sustained releasefloating matrix tabletFormulationEvaluation.
44,213 views
13,372 downloads

Contributors:

 Sachin S. Namewar
,
 Shekhar B.Waikar
Research PaperID: AJPTR024352

Simultaneous Determination of Lamivudine, Zidovudine and Nevirapine in Tablet Dosage Forms by RP-HPLC

P. V. Vamshi Krishna, K. Vinod Kumar, P. Ramalingam, N. Ramesh, C. Harish Kumar Raju, B. Sreeram

An accurate, precise and economic reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the estimation of lamivudine, zidovudine and nevirapine in pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this method Qualisil BDS C8 column (250mmx4.6mm i.d., 5µm particle size) with mobile phase containing water and acetonitrile in the ratio of 70: 30 v/v with pH adjusted to 5 with ortho phosphoric acid (OPA). The flow rate was 1mL/min and the detection wavelength was 250nm. The linearity was observed in the range of 1-15µg/mL for lamivudine, 3-24 µg/mL for zidovudine and 2.5-20 µg/mL for nevirapine. Retention times were 3.1min, 4.4min, and 7.0min for lamivudine, zidovudine and nevirapine respectively. The proposed method was validated as per ICH guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness and can be applied for routine quality control analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms used for multidrug therapy containing lamivudine, zidovudine and nevirapine.

RP-HPLCOPAMultidrug therapyICHValidation.
44,306 views
13,346 downloads

Contributors:

 P. V. Vamshi Krishna
,
 K. Vinod Kumar
,
 P. Ramalingam
,
 N. Ramesh
,
 C. Harish Kumar Raju
,
 B. Sreeram
Research PaperID: AJPTR024353

Local delivery of Antiparasitic drugs to the colon as a treatment for Colonic Diseases

Poonam Kushwaha, Sheeba Fareed1 Sanju Nanda

  Amoebiasis is an infection of the large intestine caused by Entamoeba histolytica, and it is mainly present in the intra-intestinal lumen. The efficient treatment of amoebiasis and other colonic infections could be achieved by targeting the drug to the colon. Tinidazole is the drug of choice for intestinal amoebiasis and other colon infections and the best approach for this drug is to target the drug delivery to colon which would make the drug effective with low dose and prevent the potential hazards observed in conventional dose. The objective of the present investigation was to design a multiparticulate delivery system for site-specific delivery of Tinidazole using natural polysaccharides (pectin) and pH-sensitive polymer (Shellac) for the treatment of colonic diseases. An attempt was made to prepare and characterize Tinidazole microspheres for colon specific drug delivery in order to target the drug to the colon. Pectin microspheres were prepared using emulsion cross- linking technique. These microspheres were coated with Shellac using oil-in-oil solvent evaporation method. The method was optimized using different drug: polymer ratio (1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5) stirring rate (500, 1000, 1500, and 2000) and emulsifier concentration (1%, 1.25%, 1.5% and 2%) to produce microspheres of small size and narrow size distribution, high drug loading efficiency, and controlled drug release at the colonic pH. Microspheres prepared by using drug: polymer ratio 1:3, stirring speed 1000 rpm, and 1.25% w/v concentration of emulsifying agent were selected as an optimized formulation. Microspheres were evaluated for surface morphology, particle size and size distribution, swellability, percentage drug entrapment, in- vitro drug release in simulated gastrointestinal fluids (SGF) and stability study. The experimental results demonstrated that the prepared microspheres of Tinidazole for colon targeting may reduce the side effects of the drug caused by its absorption from the upper part of GIT when given in conventional dosage forms. Key words: Tinidazole; Amoebiasis; Colon targeting; Shellac; Pectin microspheres.

TinidazoleAmoebiasisColon targetingShellacPectin microspheres.
44,263 views
13,362 downloads

Contributors:

 Poonam Kushwaha
,
 Sheeba Fareed1 Sanju Nanda
Research PaperID: AJPTR024354

Borassus flabellifer Fruit Mucilage: Novel Matrix Forming Material for Sustained Drug Delivery

Ravi Kumar, Rajarajeshwari N, Narayana Swamy VB

  The present study was undertaken to investigate the release retardant potential of Borassus flabellifer mucilage in tablet formulations. In the present study six batches of diclofenac sodium matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation method with different concentrations of BFM (2.5, 5, 7.5,10 and 12.5%w/w) and compared with guar gum as standard release retardant polymer. The tablets had uniform physical appearance, average weight, drug content, and adequate hardness. The results of in vitro release revealed that as the proportion of mucilage in the matrix was increased there was a corresponding decrease in the release of drug. Among the formulations studied formulation F5 containing BFM in the concentration of 12.5% showed sustained and required dissolution profile of drug for 12hrs with cumulative percent release of 98%. Further, the matrix tablets were found to release the drug by diffusion coupled with erosion mechanism. The swelling studies revealed that, as the proportion of mucilage in tablets was increased, there was a corresponding increase in percent swelling of tablets. The SEM photomicrographs showed both pores and gelling structures were present on the surface of tablets indicates the combination of diffusion and erosion mechanism in the release of diclofenac. No chemical interaction between drug, mucilage and mixture of mucilage/drug was seen as confirmed by DSC and IR studies. Optimized formulation (F5) showed no change in physical appearance, drug content, or in dissolution pattern after storage at 40±2°C and 75±5% RH for 3 months.

Matrix tabletdiclofenacrelease retardantmatrix tabletBorassus flabellifer mucilage.
44,731 views
13,443 downloads

Contributors:

 Ravi Kumar
,
 Rajarajeshwari N
,
 Narayana Swamy VB
Research PaperID: AJPTR024355

Evaluation of Leaves of Aqueous Extract of Coleus Aromaticus and Methanolic Extract of Annona Squamosa Extracts on Cell Viability

Himesh Soni, A. K. Singhai, Sarvesh Sharma, Jitender K Malik

  Medicinal plants play a vital role to preserve human health. Herbs valued for centuries as a traditional medicine, has been used to treat various human ailments. The leaves of Coleus aromaticus are useful in cephalagia, otalgia, anorexia, dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, diarrhoea, cholera, halitosis, convulsions, epilepsy, cough, asthma, hiccough, bronchitis, strangury, hepatopathy and malarial fever. Annona squamosa Linn is used as an antioxidant, antidiabetics, hepatoprotective, cytotoxicactivity, genetoxicity, antitumor activity, antilice agent. We report here the effects of various plants extracts on the cell viability. The cell viability assay revealed that the aqueous extract of Coleus aromaticus leaves and methanolic extract of Annona squamosa leaves showed significant results. Further phytochemicals screening of the extracts of both the plants revealed presence of Flavonoids on the above extracts. The total flavonoids content were determined by aluminum chloride colorimetric method. The total flavonoids contents of aqueous extract Coleus aromaticus & methanolic extracts of Annona squamosa leaves were found to be 2.60% and 2.4% respectively. Key words: Coleus aromaticus, Annona squamosa,Cell viability , Spectrophotometric.

Coleus aromaticusAnnona squamosaCell viabilitySpectrophotometric.
44,484 views
13,515 downloads

Contributors:

 Himesh Soni
,
 A. K. Singhai
,
 Sarvesh Sharma
,
 Jitender K Malik
Research PaperID: AJPTR024356

Formulation and In-Vitro Characterization of Transdermal Film Using Hyptis Suaveolens Seed Mucilage

Paras Kewalram Bhaisare, S. Tilloo

  Transdermal films of Diclofenac Sodium were formulated by using Hyptis suaveolens seeds mucilage as film forming agent in various concentration. According to the research articles and mucilage can be used as film forming agent. Hyptis suaveolens seeds mucilage is naturally occurring polymer containing polysaccharide which cannot be used as film forming agent before. There are tremendous researches on natural polymers in today’s world because of various advantages of natural polymer over synthetic. Therefore we can take it for further examination as film forming agent and its evaluation. Drug polymer interactions determine by using FTIR and DSC. The medicated films were evaluated for physicochemical properties and also medicated films were evaluated for area variation, drug content and percent cumulative drug release. In vitro drug release study through cellophane membrane indicates that hydrophilic polymer showed higher release. The release rate found to follow first order rate kinetic. The prepared patches will evaluated for thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, drug contain uniformity, in-vitro permeation study. In vitro drug release study was performed by using artificial membrane.

Hyptis suaveolens seed mucilageDiclofenac SodiumIn vitro drug release.
44,875 views
13,430 downloads

Contributors:

 Paras Kewalram Bhaisare
,
 S. Tilloo
Research PaperID: AJPTR024357

Floating In Situ Gelling Drug Delivery System of Verapamil Hydrochloride

Bhushan S. Gulecha, Sadhana Shahi, Swaroop R. Lahoti

  Gastro retentive drug delivery system has been widely used to prolong retention of dosage forms in stomach. Amongst the various approaches, the Raft formulation offers sustained drug release as well as prolonged gastric retention, along with the added advantage of liquid oral dosage form. The present study was an attempt to formulate and evaluate Raft forming floating drug delivery system for Verapamil Hydrochloride which undergoes pH dependent sol-gel transition at gastric pH; thereby prolonging the retention of the system in stomach. Gellan gum (Gelrite®) was employed as gelling agent whose gelation is triggered by source of Ca2+ ions in the form of Calcium Carbonate. The evaluation was carried out for In Vitro parameters and the results substantiated that the optimized formulation revealed excellent floating characteristics and gastric retention.

Verapamil HydrochlorideRaftIn situ gelationgastroretentive.
44,841 views
13,462 downloads

Contributors:

 Bhushan S. Gulecha
,
 Sadhana Shahi
,
 Swaroop R. Lahoti
Research PaperID: AJPTR024358

Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Salbutamol Sulphate Liposomes

U. D Shivhare, P. B Suruse.1 V. S. Thombare

  The present investigation deals with the preparation and evaluation of sustained release system of Salbutamol sulphate for the treatment of Asthama. The liposomes of Salbutamol sulphate were prepared using physical dispersion method by using soyalecithin and cholesterol. The ratio of soyalecithin and cholesterol was found to be important factors for achieving sustained release pattern. Factors studied influenced the lag time and in-vitro drug release of formulations. Dissolution studies of liposomes in phosphate buffer with pH 7.4 shows the drug release in colon could be modulated by optimizing the concentration of soyalecithin and cholesterol (6:1). The results of in-vitro dissolution studies indicated that formulation F1 is the most successful formulation of the study and exhibited drug release 96.24% in 12 h and the total release pattern was very close to the theoretical release profile of sustained release system. The study showed that the optimised batch F1 fulfills the requirement of good liposomal formulation. Stability study of the optimized formulation indicates no significant difference in release profile after a period of two month. Key words: Sustained release system, Soya lecithin: Cholesterol, Salbutamol sulphate, Liposomes

Sustained release systemSoya lecithin: CholesterolSalbutamol sulphateLiposomes
44,813 views
13,559 downloads

Contributors:

 U. D Shivhare
,
 P. B Suruse.1 V. S. Thombare
Research PaperID: AJPTR024359

Synthesis and Characterization of Bis N & S-Protected Mannopyranosyl Isodithiobiurets

M. G. Dhonde, M. M. Sontakke

  Medicinal and Biological applications of various carbohydrates are studies earlier, in view of this application we have synthesized protected Mannopyranosyl isodithiobiurets by the interaction of N-tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-Mannopyranosyl isothiocyanate with 1-aryl-S-benzyl isothiocarbamides. The products were separated by column chromatography, melting points and specific rotations were measured by standard methods. The characterizations of these newly synthesized products were established on the basis of elemental analysis, UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR & Mass spectral studies.

SynthesisMannopyranosyl isothiocyanateAryl isothicarbamides & isodithiobiurets
45,410 views
13,503 downloads

Contributors:

 M. G. Dhonde
,
 M. M. Sontakke
Research PaperID: AJPTR024360

Simultaneous Determination of Metformin Hydrochloride, Atorvastatin and Glimepiride in Tablet Dosage Forms by RP-HPLC

C. Harish Kumar Raju, P. Ramalingam, P. V. Vamshi Krishna, N. Ramesh, B. Sreeram

  An accurate, precise and reproducible Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the estimation of Metformin Hydrochloride, Glimepiride and Atorvastatin in Pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this method Qualisil gold C18 column (250mmx4.6mm I.D., 5µm particle size) with mobile phase containing 0.1% TFA in Water (pH adjusted to 2.92 with ammonia) and Methanol in the ratio of 28: 72v/v was used. The flow rate was 1ml/min. and the detection wavelength was 235nm1-2. The linearity was observed in the range of 50 - 225µg/ml, 0.2 - 0.9µg/ml and 1 – 4.5 µg/ml for Metformin Hydrochloride, Glimepiride and Atorvastatin with correlation coefficient of 0.9992, 0.9992, and 0.9997 respectively. Retention times were 3.1min, 7.8min, and 10.1min for Metformin Hydrochloride, Atorvastatin and Glimepiride respectively. The proposed method was validated for Linearity, accuracy, precision and Robustness. The proposed method was validated as per ICH guidelines and can be applied for routine quality control analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms used for Multidrug therapy containing Metformin Hydrochloride, Glimepiride and Atorvastatin. Key words: RP-HPLC, OPA, Multidrug therapy, ICH, Validation.

RP-HPLCOPAMultidrug therapyICHValidation.
45,218 views
13,585 downloads

Contributors:

 C. Harish Kumar Raju
,
 P. Ramalingam
,
 P. V. Vamshi Krishna
,
 N. Ramesh
,
 B. Sreeram
Research PaperID: AJPTR024361

Comparison and Quantification of Marker Compound of Triphala Guggulu by using HPTLC method

Sejal G. Patel, J. K. Patel, Khushbu Patel

Triphala guggulu contain the amala,baheda,and harde ,pipali, and guggulu in powder form which contain many phytoconstituents other than phenols(gallic acid,ellagic acid) and alkaloids(piperine) and Z-guggulusterone. phenolics are present in good amounts, and several as important anti-oxidant. Piperine is a bioavailability enhancer and guggulusterone as anticholesterimic. Looking into the importance of these ingredients, attempt has been made for simultaneous estimation of piperine, gallic acid, ellagic acid by using HPTLC methods  A simple HPTLC method has been developed for the estimation of galic acid, ellegic acid,piperine &z-gugggulu sterone from methanolic extract of marketed & lab preparation of triphala guggulu these compound in the extracts has been estimated by using HPTLC method the separation was performed on TLC Aluminum Plates precoated with silica gel 60F254,good separation was achieved in the mobile phase of toluene: ethyl acetate :formic acid: methanol(3:3:0.8:0.5)and densiometric determination of galic acid, ellegic acid carried out at 280 nm and piperine was carried out at 337nm&Z-guggulusterone was carried out at 248 nm & compare the these phytoconstituents with other marketed product

HPTLCTriphala gugguluGallic acidpiperineZ-guggulusterone
45,211 views
13,675 downloads

Contributors:

 Sejal G. Patel
,
 J. K. Patel
,
 Khushbu Patel

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