etc.

Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy, a woody climbing shrub belonging to the Convolvulaceae family, is widely distributed across India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand. In traditional medicine, various parts of this plant, including its bark, stems, and leaves, have been employed to address a range of health concerns, such as malaria, cancer, mental disorders, and pain relief. This study aimed to explore the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of R. hypocrateriformis leaves. Qualitative phytochemical analysis identified the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, and tannins while the quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that ethanolic extract is richest in phenolic and flavovonids content. This study on R. hypocrateriformis leaves serves as a crucial diagnostic tool for species identification, and the development of quality parameters. The data obtained in this study may be regarded as a reference for future research endeavors.

Bosentan is a dual endothelin receptor antagonist important in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). It is licensed in the United States, the European Union and other countries by Actelion Pharmaceuticals for the management of PAH under the trade name Tracleer®. Bosentan is used to treat pulmonary hypertension by blocking the action of endothelin molecules that would otherwise promote narrowing of the blood vessels and lead to high blood pressure. The aim of the present study was to develop sustained release formulation of Bosentan to maintain constant therapeutic levels of the drug for over 12 hrs. Various synthetic polymers were employed as polymers. Bosentan dose was fixed as 62.5 mg. Total weight of the tablet was considered as 200 mg. the tablets are prepared by employing direct compression method using 8mm punch. And the Polymers were used in the concentration of 31.5, 41.25, 62.5 mg concentration. All the formulations were passed various physicochemical evaluation parameters and they were found to be within limits. And the drug and excipient compatibility studies showed that there is no interaction between the drug and polymers employed in the formulation. Whereas from the dissolution studies it was evident that the formulation F3, F16 showed better and desired drug release pattern i.e., 98.15±0.06, 96.64±0.02 % respectively in 12 hours. the project work is successful in developing sustained release formulations of Bosentan.

Oral drug delivery systems most preferred option of administration for various drugs. Sustained release drug delivery system is the novel drug delivery system. The terms Sustained release, prolonged release, modified release, extended release or depot formulation are used to identified drug delivery systems that are designed to achieve or extend therapeutic effect by continuously releasing medication over an extended period of time after administration of a single dose. Sustained release dosage forms are designed to release a drug at a predetermined rate by maintaining a constant drug level for a specific period of time with minimum side effects. The basic rationale of sustained release drug delivery system optimizes the biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug in such a way that it’s utility is maximized, side effects are reduced and cure of the disease condition is achieved. Sustained release drug delivery is improved patient compliance due to less frequent drug administration, reduction of fluctuation in steady-state drug levels, maximum utilization of the of the drug, improved therapy and shorter treatment period.

A large number of medicinal plants are claimed to be useful in skin disease in all traditional system of medicine. Plumeria rubra is a deciduous tree, widely distributed in common rather moist garden and in lawns. Plant loses leaves for a short time during the winter. Slowly grows up to 25 feet. Plumeria rubra is nowadays, is gaining interest by the scientific researchers due to its folklorics and because of its therapeutic value, easy availability. The result showed that a ethanolic extract exhibited a significant activity with specific standard (chloromphenicol) and antifungal activity with specific standard (Fucanazole). Hence this study proves that Plumeria rubra possess antimicrobial activity.

Drug discovery process is a critical issue in the pharmaceutical industry since it is a very cost-effective and time consuming process to produce new drug potentials and enlarge the scope of diseases incurred. Drug target identification, being the first phase in drug discovery is becoming an overly time consuming process. In many cases, it produces inefficient results due to failure of conventional approaches like in vitro and in vivo to investigate large scale data. Sophisticated in silico approaches has given a tremendous opportunity to pharmaceutical companies to identify new potential drug targets which in turn affect the success and time of performing clinical trials for discovering new drug targets. Insilico pharmacology includes databases, quantitative structure-activity relationships, similarity searching, pharmacophores, homology models and other molecular modeling, machine learning, data mining, network analysis tools and data analysis tools that use a computer.Computational (in silico) methods have been developed and widely applied to pharmacology hypothesis development and testing. Such methods have seen frequent use in the discovery and optimization of novel molecules with affinity to a target, the clarification of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties as well as physicochemical characterization. The main goal of this work is to review in silico methods for drug discovery process with emphasis on identifying drug targets, where there are genes or proteins associated with specific diseases. Key words:-target identification, in vitro& in vivo, data bases, pharmacophores, data mining, etc.

Complex of Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) sodium salt and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were evaluated as sustained release polymers. Diclofenac sodium (DS), CMC sodium salt and β-CD were taken for the preparation of spray dried sustained release microparticles in the different ratio of 1: 0.125:0.125, 1:0.188:0.187 and 1: 0.25: 0.25 (wt/wt) respectively. The DS loaded microparticles were evaluated for particle size, surface morphology by atomic force microscopy (AFM), structural interaction by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal characterization by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). These microparticles further formulated into the tablet dosage form and evaluated for different parameters. Several kinetic models were employed to evaluate the possible changes in the release mechanism. The drug: polymer ratio of 1:0.25:0.25 shows better result of sustained release than the other ratios. The particle size of the optimized microparticles was found to be in the range of 300 nm to 5 µm. FTIR and DSC result reveals the complex formation between DS, CMC sodium and β-CD. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the degree of crystallinity was reduced and most of the drug existed in amorphous state. . The reported method is easy and reproducible and can be used for the batch scale production.