Omeprazole

Omeprazole, a widely prescribed proton pump inhibitor (PPI), is a cornerstone therapy for acid?related gastrointestinal disorders, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. While generally safe and effective, prolonged or inappropriate use has been linked to a spectrum of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Common ADRs include headache, abdominal discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, and flatulence, which are usually mild and self?limiting. However, serious complications—such as Clostridioides difficile infection, interstitial nephritis, hypomagnesemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, bone fractures, hepatotoxicity, and severe cutaneous reactions—though rare, pose significant clinical challenges. Risk factors influencing ADR incidence include treatment duration, high dosage, advanced age, polypharmacy, comorbid conditions, and genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C19 metabolism, which alter drug bioavailability and efficacy. Clinical pharmacists play a crucial role in mitigating these risks through therapeutic optimization, monitoring of laboratory parameters, early identification of drug interactions, and patient education. Evidence?based deprescribing strategies and routine safety surveillance are essential to minimize preventable harm while preserving therapeutic benefit. This review highlights the clinical significance of omeprazole?associated ADRs from a pharmacist’s perspective, emphasizing the importance of rational prescribing, vigilant monitoring, and interdisciplinary collaboration in ensuring patient safety.

The present work was designed to investigate the anti-ulcer activities of methanolic extract of artocarpusaltilis [breadfruit] on alcohol induce ulcer in male albino rats. Animals were administered orally with a single dose of 98‰ alcohol [depending on the animals’ weight] to induce ulcer. This resulted in significant increase in ulcer occurrence [exacerbation]. Both the induced and normal rats were divided into six groups of 5 rats each. Group 1 was the control group [induced but not treated] while group 2 received 100mg/kg dose of aqueous extract of artocarpusaltilis. Group 3 and 4 received 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg dose of aqueous extract of artocarpusaltilis respectively. Group 5 received 10mg/kg per oral dose of omeprazole [standard drug]. Administration of methanolic extract of artocarpusaltilis produce a decrease in ulcer occurrence in induced rats. The decrease in ulcer occurrence was significant [p‹0.005] with all the groups treated with methanolic extract of artocarpusaltilis when compared to the control group. But group 3 and 4 exclusively showed same potency when compared to group 5 [standard drug]. The decrease in ulcer incidence when compared to the control group [ulcer induced but not treated] and for exhibiting same potency with the standard drug shows that the extract of artocarpusaltilis  is effective in controlling ulcer and can be used as a substitute for the standard drug in managing or treating/controlling ulcer. Conclusively, methanolic extract of artocarpusaltilis has tremendous beneficial anti-ulcer values in the treatment of ulcer following oral administration.

The study was designed to investigate the gastro protective effects of fruit extracts of Artocarpus altilis (Breadfruit), using alcohol induced acute ulcer model. The extracts were administered at doses100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg. 10mg/kg of Omeprazole was used as a reference standard. The parameters used for this were percentage of animals with gastric ulcer (UP), ulcer index (UI) and percentage protection of ulcer (%P). The percentage of animals with ulcer was lowest in both the groups treated with 300mg/kg (16.67 ± 0.004) of extract and those treated with omeprazole (16.67 ± 0.004). While the animals in control group and those treated with 100mg/kg of extract had the highest percentage of animals with ulcer (100.01 ± 0.005). The gastro protective activity was accessed by determining and comparing the ulcer index in the test group with that of the control group. Animals pretreated with Artocarpus altilis extract showed significant reduction in ulcer index in a dose dependent manner when compared to the control group having an ulcer index of 11.51 ± 0.005 when treated 100mg/kg of extract, 3.66 ± 0.004 & 1.83± 0.004 for 200mg/kg & 300mg/kg of extract respectively. The gastro protective effect of 300mg/kg had the same potency as the standard drug Omeprazole. The administration of 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 300mg/kg and Standard drug (Omeprazole) reduced Gastric lesions by 9%, 71%, 85.5% and 85.5% respectively. The results suggest that the extract possesses significant protective properties against ulcer in albino rat compared to the control group.