Depression

Depression is commonly found as a co-morbid condition in patients with diabetes. The co-existence of depression is associated with poor glycaemic control and low medication adherence. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the severity of depression in patients with Type II diabetes taking OHA versus Insulin. A prospective observational study conducted  among  200 diabetic patients for a period of 6 months in the general medicine department of a tertiary care hospital, with established T2DM  satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria were evaluated for depression by  using Hamilton Depression Rating scale (HAMD) with the help of physician. Finally comparing the severity of depression among patients  taking OHA versus Insulin. Out of 200 diabetic patients, 124 (62%) patients were depressed. About 22% patients shows moderate depression  ,followed by mild depression (20%), severe (10.5%) and very severe(9.5%). Mild-Moderate level of depression is more prevalent in diabetics than in general population. Majority of the patient taking OHA had no depression ( normal, 51%) followed by mild depression (19.6%), moderate (17.6%), and only 11.8% shows severe/ very severe depression. Patients on insulin showed that 27.5% have severe or very severe depression followed by moderate (26.3%), mild (22.5%), and 23.8% have no depression. Depression is more common in patients with diabetes mellitus. Study shows that depression is more prevalent in patients taking Insulin as compared to those using OHA.

Depression is commonly found as a co-morbid condition in diabetes. The relationship between the diabetes and depression is bidirectional. Coexistence of diabetes and depression is associated with poor symptom control, increased suffering, health care expenditure, disability, decreased quality of life and greater risk of death. Depression in diabetes is under diagnosed and undertreated. Depression adversely effect on both psychological well being and diabetic outcomes. Management of depression in diabetes should be directed toward improving psychological and medical outcomes, and quality of life. Pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions shown to be effective in the management of depression in diabetes, which improve the glycaemic control and reduce the risk of short term complications. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRI), Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and atypical antidepressants (eg. Buproprion) are preferred pharmacologic interventions for patients with diabetes and depression.

To identify level of depression for sixth class of secondary  school. To identify the effect of depression learning status. To determine the reason that lead to depression. A cross sectional study was conducted from 11th December, 2014 up to 10th march, 2015 in order to study incidence of  depression among sixth class of secondary school students in al-najaf city. The study was carried out in the secondary schools ( Khaurnq, Sidrat  Almuntaha, Kufa, Najaf, Muslim Ibn Aqil, Sheikh al mufeed  , aminh al sadeer, al ameer, Lathiqia) at AL-Najaf city. a questionnaire format was designed and constructed by researchers to achieve objective the study .   the questionnaire format  consisted of two  parts  the part 1 socio demographic characters sheet consist of 4 items which include age ,gander ,parents occupation ,parents education level, residence. Part 2 include  10 items related to depression, not at all 1, several day 2 ,more than half the 3, nearly every day 4. A randomized  sample of  150  students  were collected from 10 secondary schools with range 15 students from each school. The present study found that the depression scale of more than half the days were increased and highest within the secondary sixth class students at age

The conducted study assesses the prevalence of disturbed eating attitude among male and female population in our society and the interrelationship of disturbed eating with a seven basic causes that are responsible for its prevalence is also investigated. This investigation examined the factors, structure and correlates of the reasons of eating disorders. This study is done using 200 sample sizes for each male and female gender, than using a questionnaire, various causes have been evaluated that how much any factor is responsible for the breakthrough of eating attitude abnormality in present days. These results have importance in implicating in view of the high prevalence of eating attitude in individuals. These disorders are due to a complex interaction of social, biological and psychological factors, which bring about such harmful behavior, complex combination of factors can be categorized as genetic, biochemical, emotional, intellectual and environmental.The study reveals that women are more likely than male to develop eating disorder whereas pervasiveness of dieting in women is increased by the value of slimness in western society and the depression.Treatments of abnormal eating attitude always include cognitive-behavioral or group psychotherapy, sometimes along with medication help to resolve it even after few months. The purpose is the evaluation of literature the causes associated with prevalence of eating disorder in society. The important thing is to stop as soon as you recognize these behaviors in yourself then should get help to begin the road to recovery.

Peptic ulcer and Depression are managed by co-administering number of drugs for long duration. Hence, drug-drug interactions which are important cause of antagonistic drug reaction and may lead to amplified risk of hospitalization and amplified care cost. The study was piloted to find the impact of pantoprazole which is generally used for primary peptic ulcer disease in humans on the pharmacokinetic and antidepressant activity of fluoxetine. The influence of pantoprazole on pharmacokinetic parameters of fluoxetine was studied in healthy male albino rabbits. The effect of pantoprazole on antidepressant activity was studied using four animal models. The serum concentration of fluoxetine was estimated by HPLC. And the antidepressant activity was studied using despair swim test, compulsive gnawing test, serotonin syndrome and tail suspension test. After treating with pantoprazole for 7 days the concentration of serum fluoxetine was significantly decreased at 2nd, 4th, 8th, 16th and 24th hour. Pantoprazole treatment for one week exhibited significantly changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters like AUC, AUMC, t1/2 and Cmax of fluoxetine in healthy albino rabbits. The immobility time significantly decreases after pantoprazole treatment for one week by despair swim and tail suspension test in rats and mice respectively. Compulsive gnawing test and serotonin syndrome also shows decrease in the effect after pantoprazole treatment. When both drugs are co-administered together dose of fluoxetine should be increased. Key words: Depression; Fluoxetine; Pantoprazole; Drug-drug interaction; Tail Suspension test; Despair Swim Test.

To compare the role of anti-depressants (Desipramine) and NSAID (Dexibuprofen) in monosodium iodo acetate (MIA) induced chronic knee osteoarthritis (OA) in rats. Twenty four male wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each. Group I to IV served as Vehicle control, OA control, Desipramine and Dexibuprofen treated groups respectively. Group I received I.A. Injection of 50µl of  0.9%normal saline, and Group II to IV received I.A. Injection of 50µl MIA, and the treatment of drugs started on the same day. The animals will be monitored for  osteoarthritis parameters and/or depression on pre-dose day (day 0) and on day 1, 3, 5, 7, 11  14, 18, 21 and 28 th day. The rise in knee inflammation is almost similar in all MIA treated groups (p

Effect of nicotine on brain GABA levels in depressed rats. The present study was planned: to study effect of nicotine on brain GABA levels in depressed rats. to compare the effect of nicotine and imipramine on brain GABA levels. Isolation induced hyperactivity model was used to induce depression in rats. Five groups of 10 rats each were taken. Vehicle (D/W) treated rats before and after isolation were considered as baseline reading. Compared results of depression induced animal with results of animal without depression. Following drug treatments were administered: Rats from natural habitat was considered as before isolation. This group was used for normal GABA levels in rat brain. Vehicle (D/W) (1ml/kg) and imipramine (10mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally. Nicotine was administered in a dose of 0.4mg/kg and 0.2mg kg by subcutaneous or inhalational route respectively. Brain GABA levels were estimated by fluorimetric method. In this model of depression, vehicle treated rats after isolation significantly reduced brain GABA levels as compared to vehicle before isolation.  Results of imipramine treated rats after isolation showing significantly increased in brain GABA levels as compared to vehicle treated rats after isolation. Nicotine administered by inhalational route showed increase in brain GABA levels as compared to vehicle treated rats after isolation. Nicotine administered subcutaneously increased brain GABA levels as compared to vehicle treated rats after isolation. Imipramine and nicotine (inhalation) showed comparable results with  normal GABA level i.e. before isolation rats. GABA level reduced in depressed rats. Imipramine, nicotine(inhalation) and nicotine(sc) increased  brain GABA level in depressed rats.

The main objective was to evaluate antidepressant effect of diltiazem in rats. Results of numerous pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that calcium channel blockers have an antidepressant activity & a potential for interaction with standard antidepressants. The present study is designed to test this hypothesis in rats .Rats were assigned to six groups,  one group is the control group (distilled water) , three groups are ,imipramine (10 mg/kg), venlafaxine (10 mg/kg), and diltiazem (10mg/kg) alone and other two groups are combination of diltiazem with imipramine, and diltiazem with venlafaxine. To know the antidepressant effect, forced swim model had been used, the immobility period of all the groups are compared with each other  after giving drugs for 7 days Diltiazem produced significant antidepressant effect either alone or in combination with imipramine. The efficacy of diltiazem (10mg/kg) was comparable to that of imipramine (10mg/kg) and venlafaxine (10mg/kg) results of the present study indicate antidepressant like activity of diltiazem

  To study antidepressant action of nicotine in animal model of depression. The animal model for depression, used was ‘Isolation induced hyperactivity in rats’. Doses given were vehicle 1ml/kg (intra-peritoneal), imipramine10mg/kg (intra-peritoneal), nicotine0.4mg/kg (subcutaneous), nicotine 0.2mg/kg (inhalational) Nicotine administered by subcutaneous route showed significant reduction in hyperactivity at 10 and 20 minutes when compared with that of vehicle (control) group. When it was compared with imipramine, it showed significant reduction in hyperactivity at 10 minutes. Nicotine administered by inhalation route showed significant reduction in hyperactivity at 10 min and at 30, 40 50 minutes when compared with that of control group. When compared with imipramine, it showed significant reduction in hyperactivity at 10 minutes and it showed comparable effect with that of imipramine at 30, 40, and 50 minutes. Nicotine administered by inhalation route produced significant reduction in hyperactivity at 10, 20, 30, 40,50minutes, when compared with that of nicotine administered by subcutaneous route. Combination with imipramine acute or chronic administration of nicotine by inhalational route showed significant reduction in hyperactivity, when compared with imipramine treated rats. Imipramine treated rats showed significant changes in behavior with persistent sniffing, intense biting and paw licking when it compared with vehicle treated rats. Behavioral changes in nicotine treated rats showed     significant change sat persistent sniffing, intense biting, and paw licking. Effects of nicotine with imipramine were studied on all the above parameters. Nicotine administered by subcutaneous and inhalation route showed significant antidepressantactivity. Key words: Behavioral Changes, Depression, Isolation-Induced Hyperactivity, Nicotine