Antimicrobial resistance

Biofilm-associated lung infections, particularly those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis patients, represent a major therapeutic challenge. The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, metabolic heterogeneity, and microenvironmental gradients within biofilms drastically reduce antibiotic penetration and efficacy. Nanoparticle (NP)-based therapeutics offer unique advantages, such as enhanced biofilm penetration, controlled release, and localized delivery via inhalation. This review summarizes the latest developments in the design, synthesis, and characterization of nanoparticles intended for treating biofilm-associated pulmonary infections. The discussion emphasizes materials selection, fabrication routes, and physicochemical parameters influencing antibiofilm performance, with critical perspectives on translational challenges, safety, and future directions.