Umesh S. Pal

  Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alpha virus that induces in humans a disease characterized by fever, rash, and pain in muscles and joints. The virus causing Chikungunya disease was identified over 50 years ago; however, because the disease appeared only in developing countries, little research on it has been done. CHIKV infection in these animals recapitulated the viral, clinical, and pathological features observed in human disease. In the macaques, long-term CHIKV infection was observed in joints, muscles, lymphoid organs, and liver, which could explain the long-lasting CHIKV disease symptoms observed in humans. In addition, the study identified macrophages as the main cellular reservoirs during the late stages of CHIKV infection in vivo.  

  The main aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity and resistance pattern of Urinary tract pathogens. Knowledge of sensitivity and resistance pattern of uropathogens in geographical locations is an important factor for choosing suitable antibacterial treatment. Patient information was obtained from medical record files. A total of 146 samples were analyzed. The organisms were isolated as the causative factors. E.coli (57.46%) Klebsiella (23.13%) and Staphylococcus (20.89%). Analysis of the samples showed that UTI was more common in females of younger age group as compared to males. The most common organism to cause UTI was found to be E.coli followed by Klebsiella. E.coli was found to be sensitive to Furazolidone (52%) and Nitrofurantoin (52%). Similarly Klebsiella to Furazolidone and Nitrofurantoin and Staphylococcus to Nitrofurantoin and Amikacin.   Key words: Urinary tract, Pathogens, Ueopathogen, E.coli

  There are several species of trypanosomes, which are single-celled organisms. Some affect primarily animals, but some are a significant cause of human illnes. Trypanosomes are transmitted by insect bites; Chagas disease is transmitted by bites of the reduviid bug. It is estimated that 16 to 18 million people are infected with T. cruzi and that 30 to 40 percent will develop heart symptoms as a result of their infection. In parts of the world where Chagas disease is endemic, most notably South America, the disease is the largest single cause of cardiovascular death. Chagas disease is very rare in the United States; only eight cases have been reported, and all of these in Latin American immigrants.Conditions resulting from Chagas disease also include atrioventricular block, which is a failure of the normal conduction of the electrical impulses which control the heartbeat. Eighteen of the 25 patients with Chagas disease were under treatment for heart disease prior to their proper diagnosis. In one case, a patient had been treated for 10 prior to the diagnosis.