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📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

April 2019 Issue 2

Volume 9, Issue 2 - $2019

Volume 9 Issue 2 Cover

Issue Details:

Volume 9 Issue 2
Published:Invalid Date

Editorial: April 2019 Issue 2

Welcome to the 2019 issue of American Journal of PharmTech Research. This issue showcases the remarkable breadth and depth of contemporary research across multiple disciplines. From cutting-edge applications of machine learning in climate science to the revolutionary potential of quantum computing in drug discovery, our featured articles demonstrate the power of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing global challenges.

We are particularly excited to present research that bridges traditional academic boundaries, reflecting our journal's commitment to fostering innovation through cross-disciplinary dialogue. The integration of artificial intelligence with environmental science, the application of blockchain technology to supply chain management, and the convergence of urban planning with smart city technologies exemplify the transformative potential of collaborative research.

As we continue to navigate an era of rapid technological advancement and global challenges, the research presented in this issue offers both insights and solutions that will shape our future. We thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their continued dedication to advancing knowledge and promoting scientific excellence.

Dr Hemangi J Patel
Editor-in-Chief
American Journal of PharmTech Research

Articles in This Issue

Showing 27 of 27 articles
Research PaperID: AJPTR92001

Development and Validation of UV Spectroscopic Method for Estimation of Acebrophylline In Tablet Dosage Form

Aslam Patel, Rajshree Patil, Swapnil Patil, Kalpesh V. Sonar

To develop and validate simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method for estimation of Acebrophylline in tablet dosage form. The drug is freely soluble in analytical grade Ethanol. The drug was identified in terms of solubility studies and on the basis of melting point done on melting point apparatus of Equiptronics. It showed absorption maxima were determined in analytical grade Ethanol. The drug obeyed the Beer’s law and showed good correlation of concentration with absorption which reflect in linearity. The UV spectroscopic method was developed for estimation of acebrophylline in tablet dosage form and also validated as per ICH guidelines. The drug is freely soluble in analytical grade Ethanol, slightly soluble in methanol and water. So, the analytical grade Ethanol is used as a diluent in method. The melting point of acebrophylline was found to be 213-214ËšC (uncorrected). It showed absorption maxima 251 nm in analytical grade Ethanol. On the basis of absorption spectrum the working concentration was set on 10µg/ml (PPM). The linearity was observed between 2-18 μg/ml (PPM). The results of analysis were validated by recovery studies. The recovery was found to be 98.75, 101 and 99.17% for three levels respectively. The % RSD for precision was found to be 0.95%. A simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method has been developed for estimation of Acebrophylline in tablet dosage form. The method could be considered for the determination of Acebrophylline in quality control laboratories.

AcebrophyllineUV SpectrophotometerMelting PointAssay MethodValidationAccuracy+3 more
294,773 views
88,471 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.001

Contributors:

 Aslam Patel
,
 Rajshree Patil
,
 Swapnil Patil
,
 Kalpesh V. Sonar
Research PaperID: AJPTR92002

A Review ON Nanorobots

Upadhye SS, Kothali BK, Apte AK, Kulkarni AA, Khot VS, Patil AA, Mujawar RN

The nanorobotics is the technology of the creating machines or the robots at or close to a scale of the  10-9metres[nanometre] nanorobots. The  nanobots or nanoids[nanorobots] are constructed of the nanoscale or the molecular components. At this time, as no artificial non-biological nanorobots have been created so far, they remain the hypothetical concept. This articles focuses on history of nanorobots, composition of nanorobots, mechanism of nanorobots & applications of nanorobots.

NanorobotsMechanismApplications
294,599 views
88,537 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.002

Contributors:

 Upadhye SS
,
 Kothali BK
,
 Apte AK
,
 Kulkarni AA
,
 Khot VS
,
 Patil AA
,
 Mujawar RN
Research PaperID: AJPTR92003

Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Analysis of Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha (SA)

Rozina Khoja1 D.B. Vaghela2 Harisha C.R, Shukla V.J

Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha (SA) is proved very useful for the patients of Allergic rhinitis by previous research works. Allergic rhinitis is a most common annoying problem of day to day life affecting patient’s quality of life. This compound was formulated by Late Pandit Shiv Sharma. The original recipe contains Shirishadi Kwatha (Decoction) and Ashwagandhadi compound. In the present era, people only accept such elegant, palatable and easy to consume and carry formulations. To overcome such difficulties; to convert classical formulations into elegant forms which are easy, acceptable and therapeutically viable. At the same time, with an intention to increase palatability, shelf life and to make a drug according to SMP and to do its Pharmaceutical and Pharmacognostical evaluation, study was carried out. Previous study was done to standardize manufacturing process of this Avaleha By Dr. Parth Dave et.al. The presence of Annular vessels, Bottle neck shaped stone cells, Simple and compound starch grains, Stellete trichome, Pitted stone were observed in the microscopy of prepared formulation. Physicochemical analysis showed that Total solid content was 7.24% and Acid insoluble ash was 2.39%. pH was 6.5. Total sugar estimation was 57.98%.HPTLC study showed 07 spots at 254 nm with Rf values and 08 spots at 366 nm with Rf values.

Allergic rhinitisPharmacognosyPharmaceutical studyShirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha
294,786 views
88,456 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.003

Contributors:

 Rozina Khoja1 D.B. Vaghela2 Harisha C.R
,
 Shukla V.J
Research PaperID: AJPTR92004

Formulation and in Vivo Evaluation of Sulfasalazine Tablets for Colon Targeting Using Design of Experiment

Mohd. Rawoof, K. Rajnarayana, M. Ajitha

The aim of the study was to develop colon targeted tablets of Sulfasalazine (SSZ) by wet granulation method using 33 Response surface method with design of experiment software and Eudragit RS 100, Eudragit RL 100-55, Ethyl cellulose and PVP K-30 as pH dependent polymers. All the formulations (F1 to F27) were evaluated for the physicochemical parameters and were subjected to in vitro drug release studies. The amount of Sulfasalazine released from tablets at different time intervals was estimated by UV spectrophotometer. The formulation F17 shown 98.21±1.15 of Sulfasalazine after 24 h, whereas marketed product drug release was 96.21±1.87 after 1 h. The results of the study showed that formulation F17 is the best formulation on the basis of drug release and other evaluation parameters. From in vivo bioavailability studies, after oral administration of colon targeted tablet containing 500 mg Sulfasalazine, the Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0–∞ of optimized formulation and marketed product was found to be 684.31±4.03 ng/mL, 6.01±0.04 h, 4525.12±2.02 ng*h/ mL and 702.26±3.23 ng/mL, 1.50±0.01h, 3335.18±2.02 ng*h/mL respectively. Cmax, Tmax and AUC values of optimized formulation were found to be significantly higher than of marketed product. The pH dependent system is a promising vehicle for preventing rapid hydrolysis in gastric environment and improving oral bioavailability of Sulfasalazine in the effective management of colon related diseases.

SulfasalazineColon targetingCrohn's diseaseEudragitpH dependent polymersPharmacokinetic parameters.
295,160 views
88,502 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.004

Contributors:

 Mohd. Rawoof
,
 K. Rajnarayana
,
 M. Ajitha
Research PaperID: AJPTR92005

A Study Of Method Development, Validation and Forced Degradation Studies of Clotrimazole by Using UV Spectrophotometry

Devi velmurugan⃰, Sekar vairavel, Rajasekar chandran, Saranya, Siva Kumar nayak

To develop a simple, precise, accurate, and stability indicating a UV-method for estimation of Clotrimazole. In bulk and formulated dosage form. The method was under subjected to stress degradation at different conditions recommended by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). The drug samples are generated and used for the degradation studies. The λmax of the Clotrimazole was found to be 220 nm. The linearity of calibration curve (Absorbance Vs Concentration) in pure solution was checked over the concentration ranges of about 5-30μg/ml for Clotrimazole respectively, with the correlation coefficient higher than 0.999. The regression equation of the curve was Y = 0.0168x + 0.0041. The % RSD was found to be within the limit as per ICH guidelines. The obtained percentage recovery of Clotrimazole was found to be within the limit 100% ± SD. The proposed method can be successfully applied for the method development, validation and stress degradation studies of Clotrimazole. The percentage degradation limit should be 5-20%. The drug Clotrimazole was found to be within the limit.

UV SpectroscopyClotrimazoleForced degradationvalidation
295,340 views
88,533 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.005

Contributors:

 Devi velmurugan⃰
,
 Sekar vairavel
,
 Rajasekar chandran
,
 Saranya
,
 Siva Kumar nayak
Research PaperID: AJPTR92006

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Asclepias curassavica Ethanol extract

T.J. Mohan, K. Balaji, K. Siva Krishna, K. Samatha Ambedkar, M. Pavan Venugopal Reddy. D. Rama Brahma Reddy

The present study was carried out for screening of preliminary phyto-chemical constituents and anti-microbial activity of ethanolic extract of ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA. The dried extract obtained by soxhlet extraction was subjected to qualitative phyto-chemical screening for the identification. The anti-microbial activity of A.curassavica flower & plant extract by agar well diffusion method. Our study reveals that B.subtilis & E.coli showed good inhibitory zone in ethanol solvent extract

Asclepias curassavicaPhyto-chemical screeninganti-microbial activityE.coli
295,346 views
88,594 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.006

Contributors:

 T.J. Mohan
,
 K. Balaji
,
 K. Siva Krishna
,
 K. Samatha Ambedkar
,
 M. Pavan Venugopal Reddy. D. Rama Brahma Reddy
Research PaperID: AJPTR92007

A Review on Phyto-pharmacological Profile of Alstonia venenata R.Br.

Sreelakshmi S. S, S. Venkatesh

The genus Alstonia finds a promising place in Indian systems of medicine. The different ethnic communities in India have used different species of Alstonia, mainly Alstonia scholaris in the treatment of various human ailments. Alstonia venenata R.Br. is an important ethnobotanical plant of the Apocynaceae family which is having many medicinal values. Stem bark, root bark, fruits and leaves are used by many tribal communities and also used in Ayurveda. Roots and fruits are believed to be useful for skin diseases, leprosy, cobra and other venomous bites, epilepsy, fatigue, fever, syphilis, insanity, helmenthiasis, as remedy for impure blood. The plant reported to have anti-epileptic, anti-depressant, anti-cancer, anti-fungal, and anti-bacterial activities.  The phytochemical analysis revealed that the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, coumarins, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, anthraquinones, quinones, carbohydrates, glycosides and starch. The present review includes the updated information on medicinal values of Alstonia venenata. R. Br.

Alstonia venenata R. Br.ApocynaceaeCobra and other venomous bites.
295,193 views
88,649 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.007

Contributors:

 Sreelakshmi S. S
,
 S. Venkatesh
Research PaperID: AJPTR92008

Assessment of Caregiver’S Perception Towards Respiratory Diseases Therapy In Pediatric Department Of A Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Binu K. M, P. Swathi, Ankit Kumar Singh, H. Doddayya, G.A. Manjunath

Respiratory diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children especially among children less than five years old. To study the prescribing pattern and assess caregiver’s perception about pediatric respiratory disease therapy by using questionnaires. A prospective observational study was carried out for a total of 225 cases of inpatients in pediatric department and caregivers were assessed regarding pediatric respiratory disease therapy by questionnaires. We observed that Majority of the pediatric patients were diagnosed with LRTI 95(42.2%), followed by ARI 60(26.7%), URTI 36(16.0%), Fever and cough 15(6.8%) Pneumonia 11(4.9%), Asthma 3(1.3%), Bronchiolitis and Chronic cough 02(0.8%). Most of the drugs prescribed were Bronchodilators (36.5%). Among Bronchodilators SABA 258(81.6%) were prescribed more in number in which salbutamol were prescribed more (77.5%). Majority of the antibiotics prescribed were Cephalosporin’s (58.8%), and among Corticosteroid’s Budesonide were prescribed more i.e. (26.32%). Most of the caregivers given formulation preference towards nebulization i.e. (61.4%). Almost (44.5%) of caregivers felt that usage of the nebulizers was easy. Out of 225 caregivers about 88% of the caregivers were satisfied with their child’s treatment. Educational interventions must be implemented for health care professionals for more appropriate and cost effective prescribing. A separate parent education program also should be conducted to bring awareness regarding respiratory disease in parents/ caregivers. This will ensure rational use of drugs in pediatric Respiratory diseases and there by improve quality of life.

CaregiverLRTIPediatricRespiratory diseaseURTI.
295,535 views
88,633 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.008

Contributors:

 Binu K. M
,
 P. Swathi
,
 Ankit Kumar Singh
,
 H. Doddayya
,
 G.A. Manjunath
Research PaperID: AJPTR92009

Importance of Adhatoda Vasica Nees In Traditional System of Medicines: A Review

Poonam Arora

Adhatoda vasica Nees, (Family Acanthacea), commonly known as vasa or vasaka, is a well-known herbal drug in Ayurvedic, Unani and Homeopathic system of medicines. Vasaka is widespread throughout India and tropical regions of Southeastern Asia. This plant is a source of vitamin C and has other phytoconstituents with their proven medicinal value.  All parts of A. vasica are rich in alkaloids among which leaves and roots contain a bitter quinazoline alkaloid, adhatodine, vasicine, vasicinol, vasicinone, vasicinolone, vasicine and vasicinone, among which the latter two predominate. Other constituents include triterpenes, flavonoids, alkanes, steroid, daucosterol, β-sitosterol. Pharmacological properties of this plant are mainly due to vasicine, vasicinol and vasicinone. Vasicinone and vasicine are widely known for powerful bronchodilator action. The whole plant with its phytoconstituents has been studied for antiasthmatic, antitussive, antioxidant activity, hepatoprotective activity, antiulcer activity, uterotonic and abortifacient activity.

Adhatoda vasicavasakavasicinequinazoline alkaloidbronchodilator
295,560 views
88,669 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.009

Contributors:

 Poonam Arora
Research PaperID: AJPTR92010

Drug Impurity profiling an emerging task to Pharmaceutical Industries now days - A Review

Rajendra Phadke, Rupali Mali, Aarti Mundhe, Amit Gosar

The impurities in pharmaceuticals are unwanted chemicals that remain with the active   pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Impurities plays a major role in pharmaceuticals therefore profiling of impurity is very important. The pharmaceutical impurities are the unwanted chemicals that remain or are generated during the manufacturing process. These impurities are classified into three main categories such as organic, inorganic and residual solvents. Organic impurities include intermediate, starting material, degradation products, reagents, ligands, catalyst and by products. Whereas inorganic impurities are heavy metals, residual solvent, inorganic salt, filter, aids, charcoal and reagents. Impurity profiling helps in detection, identification and quantification of various types of impurities. It is a best way to characterize quality and stability of bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations. Due to rapid development of the analytical methodology it is imperative to review problems related to impurities present in the drug substances and drug products with their solutions. Various regulatory authorities like ICH, USFDA TGA, WHO, ANVISA, Canadian Drug and Health Agency are emphasizing on drug substance and drug product purity requirements and on identification of impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients as presence of impurities even in small amounts may influence the efficacy and safety of the pharmaceutical products. Thus enlightening the need of impurity profiling of drug substances in pharmaceutical research this review focuses on various classification for identification as well as quantification of impurities present in the pharmaceuticals. The analytical techniques used for impurity profiling of drugs are LC-MS-MS, LC-NMR, LC NMR- MS, GC-MS, and LC-MS, DSC, TGA, ICP-MS, IC, HPLC and GC.

ImpurityImpurity profilinghyphenated techniquesLC-MassGC-Mass.
295,548 views
88,673 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.010

Contributors:

 Rajendra Phadke
,
 Rupali Mali
,
 Aarti Mundhe
,
 Amit Gosar
Research PaperID: AJPTR92011

Formulation and Evaluation of Montelukast Sodium Lozenges

Vennela Srujan, Pavani Sriram

Montelukast Sodium are formulated as lozenges to provide slow release medicament for the management of chronic asthma and allergic rhinitis. The benefits of prepared lozenges showed increase in bioavailability, reduction in gastric irritation, bypassing of first metabolism and increase in onset of action.The molded lozenges can provide an attractive alternative formulation in allergic conditions.  The lozenges are prepared using sucrose, liquid glucose, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K4M (HPMC K4M). Sodium Saccharine along with flavors are used to mask the bitter taste of drug. All the formulations prepared are subjected to various physicochemical parameters like weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, content uniformity, and moisture content etc. The prepared formulations have a hardness of 8-11 kg/cm2, non-gritty and pleasant mouth feel. Some selected formulations are also tested for drug excipient interactions subjecting to IR Spectral analysis, In vitro release rate studies showed that the drug release for lozenges was maximum in formulation F6 (99.3±0.52%) at 30 minutes.

Montelukast SodiumHard Candy LozengesAsthmaHPMC.
295,673 views
88,871 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.011

Contributors:

 Vennela Srujan
,
 Pavani Sriram
Research PaperID: AJPTR92012

Development and Validation of Analytical Method for the Assay of Lansoprasole In Marketed Tablet Formulation By RP-HPLC

Harshal Pawar Saftin Pathan, Maheshwari Patil, Sachin Mahajan, Kalpesh Sonar, T. A. Deshmukh

A simple Reverse phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed and subsequently validated for estimation of lansoprazole in tablet dosage form. The separation was carried out using a mobile phase consisting of Methanol and 0.1% OPA (Ortho Phosphoric Acid) in the ratio of 70:30. The column used was C18 and 250 mm length with flow rate of 1.2 ml / min using UV detection at 285nm. The described method was linear over a concentration range of 10-50 μg/ml for the assay of Lansoprazole. The retention time of Lansoprazole was found to be 6.6 min, and all the results of analysis were validated statistically. The results of the study showed that the proposed RP-HPLC method is simple, rapid, precise and accurate, which is useful for the routine determination of Lansoprazole in tablet dosage form and in its pharmaceutical dosage forms.

LansoprazoleHPLCTabletsAssayUVStandard+5 more
296,003 views
88,903 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.012

Contributors:

 Harshal Pawar Saftin Pathan
,
 Maheshwari Patil
,
 Sachin Mahajan
,
 Kalpesh Sonar
,
 T. A. Deshmukh
Research PaperID: AJPTR92013

Atrigel-Implants and Controlled Release Drug Delivery System: A Review

Eknath B. Thakare, Prashant S. Malpure, Avish D. Maru, Santosh S. Surana, Bapu R. Chavan

Parenteral delivery provides rapid onset even for the drug with narrow therapeutic window, but to maintain the systemic drug level repeated installation are required which cause the discomfort. Therefore, a delivery system that combines the simplicity and reliability of solid implant devices along with convenience and ease of administration on of micro-particles are desired. In situ gel forming system represents a desired alternate. The atrigel system is a proprietary delivery system that can be used for both parenteral and site specific drug delivery. it consist of biodegradable polymers dissolved in a biocompatible carriers when the liquid polymer system is placed in the body using standard needles and syringes, it solidifies upon contact with aqueous body fluids to form a solid implant. There are some advantages of these system are compatibility with a broad range of pharmaceutical compound, less invasive technique, direct delivery to a target area, protection of drug, sustained drug release, few type of atrigel are surgical implants, microspheres, liposomes and injectable gels.

AtrigelBiodegradable PolymerIn Situ Gel Forming SystemImplants.
296,092 views
88,882 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.013

Contributors:

 Eknath B. Thakare
,
 Prashant S. Malpure
,
 Avish D. Maru
,
 Santosh S. Surana
,
 Bapu R. Chavan
Research PaperID: AJPTR92014

Cultivation, Harvesting and Processing to Produce Top Quality Coffee in Coffee Robusta L. Linden And Their Value Added Products-A Review

Sruthi NS, Suganthi A

Coffee is grown in various geological and climatic adversities in India. The top coffee producing countries include Brazil, Columbia, Indonesia, India and Ethiopia. Coffee, one of the world’s most important trade products. Two species are economically important for the production of the beverage coffee, Coffea arabica L. (Arabica coffee) and Coffea canephora A. Froehner (Robusta coffee). Coffee is not merely a beverage, it also has medicinal, cosmetics uses too. Certain research studies shows that coffee is a source of antioxidants and regular consumption of coffee may lower chances of heart diseases and stroke. It can prevent certain type of cancers such as colorectal cancer. Coffea robusta is the variety that is chosen as the study material. It is a woody perennial evergreen plant. It’s the second most commercially important coffee species in India is Robusta. The cost of Robusta cultivation is relatively lower compared to Arabica. Coffee in India is mainly propagated through seeds. Use of quality seed plays an important role in establishing a productive plantation. Coffee harvesting and processing is both an art and a science. The present study deals with the cultivation, harvesting and processing to produce top quality coffee in Coffea robusta and their value added product.

Coffea robustacultivationharvestingprocessing
295,954 views
88,907 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.014

Contributors:

 Sruthi NS
,
 Suganthi A
Research PaperID: AJPTR92015

A Review on Ophthalmic In Situ Gels

Rukari T.G, Jadhav A.S, Londhe R.A4. Phalke P.L

The field of ocular drug delivery is one of the most challenging and interesting field for pharmaceutical scientist. In ophthalmic in situ gels various polymers are used. Generally hydrogels are used. These polymers will increase solution viscosity the field of ocular drug delivery is one of the most challenging and interesting field for pharmaceutical scientist. From last 10 to 20 years the field has been significantly improved1. Due the site of delicacy and the many restrains of the site of application caution has to be taken during formulation of new product2. According to physiology of eye this organ is impermeable to foreign substances. It is difficult to formulation to cross the protective barriers of eye so that drug reaches to site of action in sufficient concentration.1 Novel drug delivery systems aimed to overcome the biological barrier which can obstruct efficient ocular drug delivery.3 Crossing protective barrier without damaging the permanent tissue is major challenge to formulator during formulation. Some common diseases which are cured by topical drug delivery are blepharitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, trachoma, glaucoma etc4. The major disadvantages of conventional formulation such as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments etc. are poor bioavailability, increased precorneal elimination, high variability in efficacy respectively.5 Because of convenience and safety for ophthalmic chemotherapy optical application of drug is most preferred formulation.

HydrogelsDrug ReleaseCorneal Permeation
296,377 views
89,020 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.015

Contributors:

 Rukari T.G
,
 Jadhav A.S
,
 Londhe R.A4. Phalke P.L
Research PaperID: AJPTR92016

An Outlook Towards the Microbial Quality of Marketed Herbal Medicinal Formulations

Firdous H. Shaikh, Anuradha K. Salunkhe, Seema S. Kadam

According to World Health Organization, 70-80% of the world’s population depends on the herbal medicines for their primary health care. Regardless of extensive applications of herbal medicines, this fact cannot be denied that, the plant materials are exposed to various contaminants like toxic elements, pesticide residues, insects etc. But, the main contaminants chiefly responsible for the deterioration of the herbal products are the microbes. They exert a bad impact on the overall quality and shelf life of the herbal products. Thus, evaluation techniques for contamination should be pointed out at every manufacturing step to assess the microbial contamination level on crude drug.

ContaminationEvaluation techniquesHerbal medicinesMicrobesPlant materials.
296,634 views
88,881 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.016

Contributors:

 Firdous H. Shaikh
,
 Anuradha K. Salunkhe
,
 Seema S. Kadam
Research PaperID: AJPTR92017

Metoclopramide Hydrochloride Loaded Oral Wafers for Postoperative Care of Children: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

Amal M. Abd El Razek, Azza A. Hasan, Shereen A. Sabry, Mahmoud A. Mahdy, Eslam E. Hamed

The present study focused on the formulation of metoclopramide HCl (MET HCl) loaded oral wafers (OWs) as a fast dissolving dosage form without drinking water to produce a prompt improvement of emesis. OWs were prepared by casting technique using Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) as a film forming agent and plasticizers like propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 and polyethylene glycol 600. The prepared formulations were visually inspected and subjected to evaluation parameters such as thickness, weight variation, drug content, folding endurance, surface pH, tensile strength, mucoadhesiveness, percentage of moisture absorption, percentage of moisture loss and in vitro release study. G3 batch was selected for further investigations e.g. DSC, FTIR and in vivo evaluation. The bioavailability of MET HCl loaded OWs was assessed by measuring the plasma concentrations of MET HCl in different studied rabbit's groups' .All wafers were transparent, smooth, uniform and flexible. G3 batch (300 mg HPMC, 20% PEG 400) showed the highest tensile strength, percent elongation, mucoadhesiveness and faster drug release. The pharmacokinetic data of MET HCl loaded OWs preparation (G3 batch) showed a significant higher Cmax, AUC0-24 and lower Tmax (p<0.001) than oral plain MET HCl solution.  It could be concluded that MET HCl loaded OWs is a promising fast-release preparation with enhanced rate and extent of drug absorption hence, higher therapeutic efficiency against vomiting and nausea in pediatrics, especially postoperatively can be expected.

Metoclopramide HClOral wafersPostoperativeNauseaVomitingPediatrics
296,439 views
88,907 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.017

Contributors:

 Amal M. Abd El Razek
,
 Azza A. Hasan
,
 Shereen A. Sabry
,
 Mahmoud A. Mahdy
,
 Eslam E. Hamed
Research PaperID: AJPTR92018

Emulgel: A Novel Approach For Hydrophobic Drugs

Shraddha V. Mohite, Anuradha K. Salunkhe, Suresh G. Sudke

The topical drug delivery facilitates a direct entry into the skin as a vital organ for diagnosis and cure without any threat of passing through first pass metabolism. Emulgels are nothing but, the combination of emulsion and gel. Emulgel is one of the novel strategy widely employed in acne, fungal infection, arthritis, inflammation, psoriasis and other topical infections. Emulgel for dermatological use has several constructive properties such as being thixotropic, emollient, easily spreadable, easily washable, greaseless, non-staining, water-soluble, greater shelf life, bio-friendly, clear and pleasant appearance. Emulgel is emulsion, either of water in oil or oil in water type, which are gelled by mixing with gelling agent such as HPMC, carbopol etc. However, gels carry a drawback in delivery of hydrophobic drug moiety and thus emulgel can prove a novel topical drug delivery for hydrophobic drugs by incorporating hydrophobic drug into gels using o/w emulsions. Emulgel helps in the incorporation of hydrophobic drugs into the oil phase and then dispersion of oil globules in aqueous phase as a continuous phase, resulting in o/w emulsion and this emulsion can be incorporate into gel base.

Emulgelhydrophobic drugsgelling agentstopical drug delivery.
296,787 views
88,988 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.018

Contributors:

 Shraddha V. Mohite
,
 Anuradha K. Salunkhe
,
 Suresh G. Sudke
Research PaperID: AJPTR92019

A Study On Prevalence and Drug Utilization in Cardiovascular Diseases In A Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Kumaraswamy M, Abdul Harshid, Ananya Baburaj, Anjala Stephen

Cardio Vascular Diseases(CVD) are the leading cause of death and its incidence is rapidly increasing in every region of the world and it remains the major threat to modern society. At present, CVD prevention becomes a major issue for world health and burden on risk factor remains alarmingly high. The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and drug utilization in CVD. A prospective observational study was carried out in 186 inpatients for a duration of 6 months (October-17 to March-18) in the Medicine Department of AH&RC, B.G.Nagara. The data was collected after obtaining consent from inpatients. Ethical clearance from Institutional Ethical Committee AIMS, B.G.Nagara was obtained. The data was analyzed by using  MS-Excel. Among 186 CVD patients more of males(62.4%) than females(37.6%) were seen, most of them fell in age group of 61-90 years(52.7%). 22% were alcoholics, 32.8% were smokers, 15.6% used tobacco, 39.8% had raised blood-pressure and 21.5% had raised blood-glucose. Among CVD patients hypertension was more prevalent(31.2%) followed by heart failure(15.1%), cardiovascular accident(13.4%), and most prescribed drugs include diuretics (56.3%), Calcium Channel Blockers(CCB)(49%) and anti-coagulants(50.2%). This study can benefit patients in early detection, high risk patients deserving immediate attention and intervention. It was observed that more males suffered from CVD than females; the most common CVD was found to be Hypertension. Major risk factors were alcohol, smoking, raised blood pressure and raised blood glucose. Most prescribed drugs include diuretics, CCB, and anticoagulants.

Cardiovascular DiseasesRisk factorsPrevalenceDrug utilization.
296,651 views
88,995 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.019

Contributors:

 Kumaraswamy M
,
 Abdul Harshid
,
 Ananya Baburaj
,
 Anjala Stephen
Research PaperID: AJPTR92020

Design and Development of Tooth Paste Containing Alcoholic Extract of Psidium Guajava Leaf

Shrishail M. Ghurghure, Priyanka R. Surwase, Mahewash A. Pathan, Parikshit D. Shirure

The intension of present work is to incorporate economically cheap, easily available but effective herbal ingredient in personal hygiene products. Leaves of species Psidium Guajava belonging to familyMyrtaceae(Guava) have many properties like antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant etc. The leaf extract of guava has traditionally been used for its health benefits. Toothpaste is a dentifrice used clean, maintain and improve the health of teeth. Toothpaste is mainly used to promote oral cleanliness and also acts as an abrasive that helps to prevent dental plaque and food particles from the teeth. The main aim of this investigation is to incorporate the herbal ingredient to that toothpaste that can effectively cleanse oral bacteria. Guava leaves were obtained from domestic garden. Guava leaves were washed with distilled water and shade dried for three days and then powdered for extraction. Guava leaf extraction was performed by Soxhlet apparatus with 70% ethanol for its antibacterial activity. This extract was used as principle ingredient for herbal toothpaste. Toothpaste formulation performed at laboratory level. The formulation was subjected to various evaluation tests like pH, spreadability, foaming ability, moisture content and zone of inhibition. All the results of evaluation tests found within the limits. For getting antibacterial property extraction is done against ethanol and agar well diffusion method used to identify its antibacterial activity shown by guava leaf extract on Escherchia coli, staphylococcus aureus depends on saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Even the extract can be used directly for treatment of inflamed gum. Pentacyclictri-terpenoidguajanoic acid is main constituent of guava leaf extract.

GuajavaPsidiumHerbal ToothpasteAntibacterialSoxhletalcoholic extract.
296,854 views
89,069 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.020

Contributors:

 Shrishail M. Ghurghure
,
 Priyanka R. Surwase
,
 Mahewash A. Pathan
,
 Parikshit D. Shirure
Research PaperID: AJPTR92021

A Review on Development and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Anti-inflammatory Tablet Containing Fenoprofen

Shailendra Singh Narwariya, Suman Jain, Arvind singh Jadon, Manish Soni

The objective of this paper was to attempt to investigate a review the Development and evaluation of mouth dissolving antinflammatory tablet containing fenoprofen. MDT is used methods to improve patient’s compliance have always attracted scientists towards the development of fancy oral drug delivery systems. Among them, mouth dissolving drug delivery systems (MDDDS) have acquired an important position in the market by overcoming previously encountered administration problems and contributing to extension of patent life. In the present scientific scenario the drug delivery technology has become highly competitive and rapidly evolving with ever increasing demand. Fast dissolving tablet (FDT) is one such type of an innovative and unique drug delivery system which is swiftly gaining much attention in the research field of rapid dissolving technology. Oral route is the most expedient and safest route of drug delivery because of wide range of drugs are administered through this route. Recently researchers have developed fast dissolving tablet (FDT) which dissolve or disintegrate rapidly in mouth saliva without intake of water. This novel drug delivery such as FDT or MDT (mouth dissolving tablet) has overcome many disadvantages like dysphagia or non accessibility of water while travelling. When compared with conventional dosage form FDT can be a useful alternative as well. This review article contains different techniques used for preparing FDT, silent features, various patented technologies, and mechanism of super disintegration, challenges faced and the limitations.

Oral routeMouth dissolving tabletSuper disintegrantsDysphagiafenoprofen.
297,177 views
89,154 downloads
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.021

Contributors:

 Shailendra Singh Narwariya
,
 Suman Jain
,
 Arvind singh Jadon
,
 Manish Soni
Research PaperID: AJPTR92022

Detailed Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Combine Formulation of Triphala Yavakuta (1:2:4)

R.L.Y.U. Rathnayaka, D.B.Vaghela, C.R.Harisha, V.J. Shukla

Triphala is an important Ayurvedic formulation containing, Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz),Vibhitaki (Terminalia bellarica Roxb),Amalaki (Emblica officinalis L.) as a ingredients. All the constituents are available and prepared according to the reference present in Yoga Ratnakara Madhyama Khanda. Triphala (Haritaki, Vibhitaki and Amalaki) classified as an important medicine of the Rasayana and Cakshusya group which is mainly indicated in Prameha, Sthoulya and Kustha and also it is believed to promote health, immunity and longevity. Though they are individually very potent drug and have their own specific mode of action on different disease conditions. Triphala the sense of its Rasa, Vipaka and to some extent its Prabhava is similar to its three contents but its Virya, Doshagnata and Guna are not exactly similar to the composing three drugs. This is due to Samyoga Samskara by which the clinical efficacy of particular drug changes several methods are adopted to prepare Triphala some uses equal proportions (1:1:1) some in different proportions (1:2:4). Till date there is only one scientific work has been carried out and less publication of 1:2:4 combination forms of Triphala. In the present study the Yavakuta formulation of Triphala was subjected to Pharmacognostical (microscopic), HPTLC, and pharmaceutical (evaluation of various physiochemical parameters) evaluation in order to prepare a preliminary profile of the formulation. The sample was subjected for various phytochemical parameters like water soluble extractive (55.8%w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (42.2% w/w), ash value (0.89% w/w), loss on drying (11.39% w/w), and the pH (5.0), HPTLC. The HPTLC, solvent system was Toluene:ethyl acetate (9:1), showed the presence of 5 spots at 254 nm and 2 spots at 366 nm. Thus the physiochemical and microscopic characters achieved may provide guidelines for standardization of formulation, Triphala Yavakuta combine formulation (1:2:4).

Triphala YavakutaHPTLCPharmacognosticalPhysiochemical Evaluation
296,998 views
89,228 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.022

Contributors:

 R.L.Y.U. Rathnayaka
,
 D.B.Vaghela
,
 C.R.Harisha
,
 V.J. Shukla
Research PaperID: AJPTR92023

The Antimicrobial Activity of Camel Lactoferrin Peptide

Saleh Mohammed Alamri, Sulaiman Kamal Al Habib

This study examines the effects of lactoferrin and black seed oil on microorganisms, as well as the extent to which they inhibit the growth of bacteria. Resistance to antibiotics has been outlined in previous research; therefore, a new strategy is required for sourcing natural biological materials for the extraction of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). This new strategy should enable microbe efficacy, thus providing a new and innovative method for combatting microbes. Lactoferrin from humans and cows has undergone rigorous analysis though camel lactoferrin (CLF), but this analysis has also gone largely underreported. The current research study addresses CLF by evaluating its mechanisms of antimicrobial activity. This activity was observed in the contexts of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans. The primary research aim of this study is to determine the mechanisms and properties of lactoferrin and black seed oil in the contexts of the five bacteria groups mentioned above. The materials used in the analysis included ethanol, sabouraud dextrose, agar, nutrient agar and filter paper discs (which were used for the AMP agent in sterile conditions—the disc diffusion method). AMPs, native and mutant (camel) lactoferrin peptides, nigella sative (NS) oil and Nigella sativa oil (black seeds) were also used. The microorganisms were synthesized from the lab. It has been found that lactoferrin is effective in bacterial applications. Gram-positive bacteria has also been found to be more efficient when the synergistic action of camel lactoferrin (SAoCL) mutant peptide is used with NS oil. This study shows that lactoferrin has promising results in the binding of iron in microbe growth prevention. Additionally, observations of SAoCL, the mutant peptide, show that SAoCL, alongside NS oil, hinders the further development of bacteria.

LactoferrinAntimicrobial peptides
297,278 views
89,268 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.023

Contributors:

 Saleh Mohammed Alamri
,
 Sulaiman Kamal Al Habib
Research PaperID: AJPTR92024

Ocimum Sanctum- A Traditional Remedy and Ethno Medicinal Uses, A Concise Review

Vijay P. Sonar, Buddhabhushan V. Bansod, pavankumar N. Desale, Shailesh S. Chalikwar

Medicinal plants are major source of bioactive compounds and chemical structures that gives potential beneficial effects. Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) belongs to the Lamiaceae family, cultivated around tropical and semitropical zone of India and other surrounding Asian countries. In the present review on O. sanctum, the traditional uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are explored. Various medicinal and therapeutic characteristics of Tulsi are found in the aerial parts, roots, leaves and seeds which havea broad range of activity on human being. O. sanctumhas multiple medicinal and therapeutic properties such as antibacterial, anticholinesterase, antioxidant, antifungal, antimicrobial, antiaflatoxigenic, anti-inflammatory and antinoceceptive, anticandidal, toxicological, anti-stress and anticonvulsant, anticancer, wound healing activities. Recent research has proven the anticancer and anti-HIV activity of O. sanctum. The chemical compounds of O. sanctum like alkaloids, phenolics, phenyl, coumarins, flavonoids, fatty acids, essential oils, steroidal, and tannin contents play an important role in herbal medicine. This paper examines the various traditional uses, phytochemical constituents and therapeutic potentials of Tulsi plant will be helpful in the treatment of oral diseases and many medicinal disorders and also will be useful in the expansion of new active principles.

Ocimum sanctumMedicinal plantsChemical constituentsPharmacological profileTulsi.
297,184 views
89,269 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.024

Contributors:

 Vijay P. Sonar
,
 Buddhabhushan V. Bansod
,
 pavankumar N. Desale
,
 Shailesh S. Chalikwar
Research PaperID: AJPTR92025

Formulation and Evaluation of Ritonavir Floating Tablets.

Krishnamurthy A. Kamlapurkar, Manmat B. Rumane, Shrishail M. Ghurghure, Sagar S. Sontakke, Imran N. Mujewar

The aim of present research work was to formulate gastro retentive floating tablets containing Ritonavir. The floating tablets of Ritonavir was formulated by direct compression technique using natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic polymers such as gellan gum, HPMC K4M, and carbopol 971p. Sodium bicarbonate was used as gas generating agent. FTIR studies revealed that there is no interaction between the drug and the polymers used in the formulation. Prepared Ritonavir tablets were evaluated by various quality parameters including weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, tablet density, floating test, swelling index, in-vitro drug release and showed satisfactory results. Formulations F2, F5, F6 showed satisfactory drug release of 90.3%, 94.3%, and 97.7% respectively. The optimized batch F6  shows good results and extended drug release.

RitonavirFloating tabletgellan gumcarbopol 971pHPMC K 4M.
297,799 views
89,195 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.025

Contributors:

 Krishnamurthy A. Kamlapurkar
,
 Manmat B. Rumane
,
 Shrishail M. Ghurghure
,
 Sagar S. Sontakke
,
 Imran N. Mujewar
Research PaperID: AJPTR92026

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TOPICAL ANTIFUNGAL GEL CONTAINING ITRACONAZOLE

Laxmi N. Jamagondi, Aniket S. Katte

The objective of the present research work is to formulate and evaluate Itraconazole antifungal gel. Itraconazole is an imidazole derivative and used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal infection. The oral activity of Itraconazole is not much proven to be efficient as it has many side effects. This formulation is made for better patient compliance and to reduce the dose of the drug. The gel was formulated by changing the polymer ratio. Various formulation (F1, F2, F3, F4) were developed by using a suitable polymer (carbopol 971p and noveonAA1). The formulation was evaluated for, spreadability, extrudability and viscosity in vitro drug release study. Viscosity studies of various formulations revealed that formulation F4 was better to compare to others. From among all the developed formulation, F4 shows better drug diffusion, did good Rheological properties. pH of the F4 formulation is sufficient enough to treat the skin infections. Results indicated that the concentration of carbopol 971p and noveon AA1 significantly affects drug release and rheological properties of the gel. It was concluded that formulation F4 was the best formulation among this formulation. Hence formulation F4 has shown the better results compared to other batches.

Itraconazolecarbopol 971 pnoveon AA1antifungal.
297,637 views
89,332 downloads
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.026

Contributors:

 Laxmi N. Jamagondi
,
 Aniket S. Katte
Research PaperID: AJPTR92027

GOLD NANO PARTICLES: A NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY

Sunil T.Galatage, S.G.Killedar, Rutuja S.Patil, Suraj V.Patil, Shriya S.Patil, Snehal S. Patil

In every field of life, nanotechnology has an impact. Researchers expend their interests on gold nanoparticles synthesis as they provide superior properties for various types of applications. Different physical and chemical methods have synthesized conventionally nanoparticles that have a negative impact on the environment. Due to their unique properties, small size and high area-to-volume ratio, gold nanoparticles show special advantages in this field among nanoparticles. Because of their inert nature, stability, high dispersity, non-cytotoxicity and biocompatibility, these particles have been widely used in various biomedical applications and drug delivery systems.This paper shows the comparison and survey of all the methods. 

Gold nanoparticlesNanotechnologydrug deliverybiomedical applications.
297,572 views
89,299 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2019.v9.i2.027

Contributors:

 Sunil T.Galatage
,
 S.G.Killedar
,
 Rutuja S.Patil
,
 Suraj V.Patil
,
 Shriya S.Patil
,
 Snehal S. Patil

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