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📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

April 2015 Issue 2

Volume 5, Issue 2 - $2015

Volume 5 Issue 2 Cover

Issue Details:

Volume 5 Issue 2
Published:Invalid Date

Editorial: April 2015 Issue 2

Welcome to the 2015 issue of American Journal of PharmTech Research. This issue showcases the remarkable breadth and depth of contemporary research across multiple disciplines. From cutting-edge applications of machine learning in climate science to the revolutionary potential of quantum computing in drug discovery, our featured articles demonstrate the power of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing global challenges.

We are particularly excited to present research that bridges traditional academic boundaries, reflecting our journal's commitment to fostering innovation through cross-disciplinary dialogue. The integration of artificial intelligence with environmental science, the application of blockchain technology to supply chain management, and the convergence of urban planning with smart city technologies exemplify the transformative potential of collaborative research.

As we continue to navigate an era of rapid technological advancement and global challenges, the research presented in this issue offers both insights and solutions that will shape our future. We thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their continued dedication to advancing knowledge and promoting scientific excellence.

Dr Hemangi J Patel
Editor-in-Chief
American Journal of PharmTech Research

Articles in This Issue

Showing 46 of 46 articles
Research PaperID: AJPTR52001

Factors Affecting Microspheres Formation

P. Shruti, K.Venkata Ramana Reddy*1 P.Srikanth Chowdary, Eslavath Ravindar Naik

The current review provides an in-depth discussion of multiple factors influencing microspheres formation which ranging from degree of speed by homogenizers, duration of mixing, concentration of polymers, selection of aqueous and oily phase and their ratios, viscosity role, and reasons behind different sizes of spheres, texture of microspheres ie. rough or smooth, entrapment efficiency, role of emulsifier, importance of cross linking agents with their concentration, solubility ,temperature influence in formation of spheres, solvent selection criteria, drug delivery from surface of microspheres etc. forms ground work and essential to go through all above mentioned factors in order to develop of ideal and in turn to improve stability of microspheres as multi particulates and improve knowledge behind updates of production of microspheres.

Aqueous and Oily Phase roleEmulsifierStirring speedConc. of Polymers in formation of MicrospheresPDE.
174,292 views
52,241 downloads

Contributors:

 P. Shruti
,
 K.Venkata Ramana Reddy*1 P.Srikanth Chowdary
,
 Eslavath Ravindar Naik
Research PaperID: AJPTR52002

Ayurveda Approach to Ebola Virus Disease

Singh Chandan, Mishra Pramod, Adalakha Manoj

The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976. It is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts. Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest. It can be difficult to distinguish EVD from other infectious diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever and meningitis. Prevention is the best treatment: As far as we know, this virus is transmitted through bodily fluids and it is not air borne. If one is not going to contract this virus in flying or sitting next to Ebola infected person, unless come in contact with blood, vomits, stool, urine or get injected with infected needle, then he or she will not affected. Healthy nutrition is the best way to keep immune system boosted. Group of studies and others like them are recognizing the central role of the immune system in survival for an infection like Ebola, which has no apparent clinical cure, natural reinforcement of the immune system may represent an oasis of hope in the desert of fear and panic. Exercise is an important foundation of health. Exercising supports the immune system through its physiological and mechanical effects on the body. Ayurveda is the ancient science of health. The word Ebola is obviously not mentioned in the AtharvaVeda, however, the sign and symptoms that we see today in ebola hemorrhagic fever are the same as the disease called Raktasthiwi Sannipat (Raktasthiwi Sannipat). Rakta means ‘blood’, ‘sthiwan’ means ‘to spit out’, and ‘sannipat’ means the involvement of a different dosha, which is usually a complicated type of disease; difficult to cure and sometimes incurable too. Herbal support is the next line of protection that adds to the benefits of daily activity. Ayurveda offers a wide range of herbs called rasayana. According to the Ayurvedic theory, rasayana herbs are rejuvenative medicines that promote health at all tissue levels of the body. Amla, Emblica officinalis, is one of the more popular rasayana All the above discussion based on Ayurvedic textual references inspires to author to go for further review on treatment of Ebola Virus Disease as well as other fatal diseases with Ayurveda. This will lead to lower morbidity and mortality rate due to many viral or other infective disease. Authors made an attempt to emphasize that the Ayurveda herbs may play a vital role for the treatment / management of EVD.

EVDRaktashthivi SannipatAtharva vedaGuduchiAshwagandha.
174,532 views
52,367 downloads

Contributors:

 Singh Chandan
,
 Mishra Pramod
,
 Adalakha Manoj
Research PaperID: AJPTR52003

A Review on SEDDS and Solid SEDDS: an Emerging Dosage Forms for Poorly Soluble Drugs

B. Usha Sri, Y. Indira Muzib

Oral route is the easiest and most convenient route for drug administration.  The major problem in oral drug formulations is low and erratic bioavailability, which mainly results from poor aqueous solubility. This may lead to high inter and intra subject variability, lack of dose proportionality. It is estimated that 40% of active substances are poorly water soluble. The solubility of such drugs is increased by formulating self emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS). Self emulsifying drug delivery systems have gained exposure for their ability to increase solubility and bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. SEDDS are isotropic mixtures of oil, surfactants, solvents and co-solvents/surfactants, which emulsify to produce fine oil-in-water emulsions upon gentle agitation. SEDDS typically produce emulsions with a droplet size between 100–300 nm. Solid SEDDSs are being developed from liquid/semisolid SEDDS mainly by adsorption on solid carriers, spray drying, lyophilization, melt extrusion, and nanoparticle technology. This review focuses on newer approaches for development of SEDDS and Solid SEDDS.

Self emulsifying drug delivery systemCo-solventssurfactantsSolid SEDDS.
174,576 views
52,412 downloads

Contributors:

 B. Usha Sri
,
 Y. Indira Muzib
Research PaperID: AJPTR52004

A Remunerative Pharmaceutical Technique for Pelletization: Extrusion Spheronization

Mohammad Kashif Iqubal, Pranjal Kumar Singh, Mohd. Shuaib, Ashif Iqubal, Poonam Bharadwaj

Oral pelletized drug delivery system gives more advantageous biopharmaceutical result in compared to single-unit dosage forms, like better distribution and transportation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In the pharmaceutical industries many techniques are available for pelletization such as solution layering, suspension layering or powder layering, cryopelletization, freeze pelletization, spray congealing, extrusion-spheronization (ES), hot-melt extrusion process. ES technique is very acceptable and it has gained more attention because of its simplicity and fast processing. This technique is widely applied for the production of oral sustained release, controlled release drug delivery system and it also overcome the problems related to bioavailability and site specific drug delivery system. This review article discuss about the aspects of ES technique with their different steps involved in the process of pellets production. We also discussed about the factors which can influence the pellet quality and methods for evaluation of the quality of pellets.

Pelletspelletizationextrusionspheronization.
174,676 views
52,459 downloads

Contributors:

 Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
,
 Pranjal Kumar Singh
,
 Mohd. Shuaib
,
 Ashif Iqubal
,
 Poonam Bharadwaj
Research PaperID: AJPTR52005

An Emphasis on Ebola Virus

Supriya Rajendra More, Priyanka Rajendra Kajale, Swati Gokul Talele, Ghanshyam Narayan Chaudhari

Ebola virus is responsible for several major commotion of hemorrhagic fever which results in high mortality which creats elevation in great public threat. However, the structural similarity of Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) to retrovirus envelops has been recently allotted.[6] The development of pseudo type recombinant retroviral particle that can be used to define the various aspects related to Ebola virus biology. There is no any particular treatment for Ebola virus syndrome but it can be prevented. The FDA has permitted two medications, Zmapp and a RNA interference medication called TKM-Ebola18 to be utilized as a part of individuals tainted with Ebola under these projects amid the 2014 episode. This review article is emphasis on life cycle of Ebola, pathophysiology, sign & symptoms, test & diagnosis, risk factor, treatment & precautions.

Ebola VirusMarburg VirusVaccineWest Africa.
174,688 views
52,370 downloads

Contributors:

 Supriya Rajendra More
,
 Priyanka Rajendra Kajale
,
 Swati Gokul Talele
,
 Ghanshyam Narayan Chaudhari
Research PaperID: AJPTR52006

The Degradations Routes of Ramipril and Its Products

Guilherme Davi Aschar, Laura Oliveira, Paulo Cesar Pires Rosa

Ramipril is a prodrug of the active metabolite ramiprilat, it inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme and consequent raise in blood pressure. Its pharmacologic effect aids the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure and reduces mortality in post myocardial infarction patients. As for other drugs, Ramipril might degrade upon storage and compromise the quality, efficacy and safety of the product. In order to avoid deterioration, it is important to characterize the degradation products and source of stress (temperature, water content, oxidizers, etc). This review aims to summarize the data concerning the subject and serve as a guide for further studies.

RamiprilImpuritiesStress testingDegradation Pathways
174,757 views
52,402 downloads

Contributors:

 Guilherme Davi Aschar
,
 Laura Oliveira
,
 Paulo Cesar Pires Rosa
Research PaperID: AJPTR52007

Training- A Key Factor to Deliver Quality and Regulatory Compliance in Pharmaceutical Industry

Sumanth TN, Afrasim Moin

Training is the attainment of knowledge, skills, and competencies as an outcome of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training in a regulated environment is a continuous process that should be adaptable from a single business unit to an entire organization. Training entails providing, developing, and reconfirming knowledge, skills and core competencies to meet business requirements. This paper will create a framework by which specific requirements for setting up and maintaining an effective and complaint training program are explained by providing overview of vital training topics.

Personnel TrainingPersonnel QualificationCompliance.
174,759 views
52,601 downloads

Contributors:

 Sumanth TN
,
 Afrasim Moin
Research PaperID: AJPTR52008

A Review on Gastroretentive Floating Drug Delivery System

Audumbar Digambar Mali, Ritesh Suresh Bathe

One of the most feasible approaches for achieving prolonged and predictable drug delivery profiles in gastrointestinal tract is to control the Gastric Residence Time (GRT) using gastro retentive dosage forms (GRDFs) that offer a new and better option for drug therapy. Oral delivery of drugs is by far the most preferable route of drug delivery. Oral-rate controlled drug delivery systems have an important area among novel drug delivery system. But these oral sustained release drug delivery systems suffer greatly due to their short gastric residence time/ gastric emptying time. Whereas prolonged gastric residence increases duration of drug release, reduces drug waste, and improves drug solubility in gastric pH. In order to overcome these drawbacks novel dosage forms that can be retained in the stomach for a prolonged and predictable period of time were discovered and they successfully exists today as gastro retentive dosage forms, in academic and industrial research groups. The objective of our review is to compile the recent advancements and literatures regarding the novel dosage form i.e. the floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) that can be retained in the stomach for a prolonged period of time and gives therapeutic action in a predetermined manner. Several approaches are currently utilized in the prolongation of the GRT, including floating drug delivery systems (FDDS), swelling and expanding systems, polymeric bioadhesive systems, high-density systems, modified-shape systems and other delayed gastric emptying devices. In this review, current & recent developments of Stomach Specific FDDS are discussed. The recent developments of FDDS including the physiological and formulation variables affecting gastric retention, approaches to design single-unit and multiple-unit floating systems, and their classification and formulation aspects are covered in detail.

Floating drug deliveryBuoyancyOral drug deliveryGastro retentionEffervescentGastric emptying time etc.
175,047 views
52,591 downloads

Contributors:

 Audumbar Digambar Mali
,
 Ritesh Suresh Bathe
Research PaperID: AJPTR52009

Electroporation- Novel Delivery System

Pravin P. Naik, Sandeep O. Waghulde, Pritam V. Juwatkar, Ashwin A. Kotamkar, Nilesh Gorde, Sanjana Kshetri

Electroporation is novel delivery system and Electrochemotherapy(ECT) is a novel treatment which consists of a combination of a chemotherapeutic agent and pulsed electric fields. Two types of Electroporation are reversible and irreversible Electroporation. This is relatively new treatment modality relies on the physical effects of locally applied electric fields to temporarily destabilize cell membranes in the presence of a drug to allow increased uptake of the agent into the cytosol. Clinical trial data suggests that irreversible electroporation may become an important and innovative tool in the armamentarium of surgeons treating cancer. Electrochemotherapy has been used effectively in preclinical and clinical studies. The therapy was shown to be effective regardless of histologic type of tumor including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Considering the proven safety in several different clinical applications electroporation should be viewed as a clinical platform technology with wide perspectives for use in ECT, gene therapy and DNA vaccination. In this review we gathered the data of the clinical trials that have been published so far.

Electroporation (EP)Electrochemotherapy (ECT)Magneto electric nanoparticlesCancer etc.
175,013 views
52,600 downloads

Contributors:

 Pravin P. Naik
,
 Sandeep O. Waghulde
,
 Pritam V. Juwatkar
,
 Ashwin A. Kotamkar
,
 Nilesh Gorde
,
 Sanjana Kshetri
Research PaperID: AJPTR52010

A Review on Hard Candy Formulation Key Ingredient and Solution for Candy Processing Problems

Parepalli Srikanth, Madhusudan Rao. Y, Shravan Kumar Y

Hard candies are experiencing a renewed popularity as a means of delivering many different drug products. They are used for patients who cannot swallow solid oral dosage forms as well as for medications designed to be released slowly to yield a constant level of drug in the oral cavity or to bathe the throat tissues in a solution of the drug. Knowledge on the formulation parameters as well as the process of cooking parameters such as concentration of corn syrup as well as type of corn syrup, temperature of cooking, moisture content type of cooking vessel helpful in solving the problems, Elegance is out most important parameter for candies as this parameter helps in improving patient compliance. So elegance of the candy can be increased by optimizing the formulation as well as process parameters which in turn helpful in enhancing the stability of the dosage form.

Corn syrupEleganceStabilityPatient Compliance.
175,539 views
52,605 downloads

Contributors:

 Parepalli Srikanth
,
 Madhusudan Rao. Y
,
 Shravan Kumar Y
Research PaperID: AJPTR52011

Development and Validation of Second Order Derivative Spectrophotometric Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Tadalafil and Fluoxetine HCl in Synthetic Mixture

Radhika S. Patel, Dilip G. Maheshwari

Simple, accurate and precise and economical UV–spectroscopy method have been developed and validated for the estimation of Tadalafil and Fluoxetine HCl in a synthetic mixture. Tadalafil is used in treatment of Erectile Dysfunction and Fluoxetine HCl is used in depression. The Tadalafil and Fluoxetine HCl stock solutions are prepared in methanol solution. At zero crossing point (ZCP) of Tadalafil (230nm) Fluoxetine HCl showed a measurable derivative absorbance, whereas at zero crossing point (ZCP) of Fluoxetine HCl (235nm) Tadalafil showed a appreciable derivative absorbance value. The Tadalafil and Fluoxetine HCl are linear in concentration range of 5-25 μg/ml. Developed method was validated according to the ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. The precision were found within limits (RSD< 2%). Accuracy were determined by recovery studies and showed % recovery between 97 to 100 % for both the drugs Tadalafil and Fluoxetine HCl. The LOD and LOQ values of Tadalafil at ZCP 230 nm were found to be 0.24 and 0.74 correspondingly and for Fluoxetine HCl at ZCP235nm were found to be 0.29 and 0.89 correspondingly.

TadalafilFluoxetine HClUV SpectrophotometrySecond order Derivative Spectrophotometry.
175,503 views
52,666 downloads

Contributors:

 Radhika S. Patel
,
 Dilip G. Maheshwari
Research PaperID: AJPTR52012

Simultaneous Estimation of Telmisartan and Amlodipine by Second Derivative Spectrophotometric Method and First Derivative Ratio-Spectrophotometric Method

Aya I.Badran, Hamed M.EL-Fatatry, Sherin F.Hammad

Two simple, specific, precise and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Telmisartan (TEL) and Amlodipine besylate (AML) involving: second derivative Spectrophotometric method (I) and first derivative Ratio -Spectrophotometric Method (II). Method (I) is based on measurement of amplitude of second derivative spectrum absorbance at two wavelengths; 329 nm and 368 nm for Telmisartan and Amlodipine besylate respectively. The latter (method II) depends on measurement of amplitude of the first derivative of the ratio spectrum at two wavelengths, 319 nm and 288 nm for Telmisartan by using 2 µg/mL of AML as a divisor and 393 nm for Amlodipine besylate by using 4 µg/mL of TEL as a divisor. Beer's law obeyed in concentration range of 1 - 35 µg/ mL and 2- 16 µg/ mL for Telmisartan and Amlodipine besylate respectively for both methods. The proposed methods are recommended for routine analysis since they are rapid, simple and specific. The described UV methods were successfully employed for the analysis of each drug in their combined dosage form. For method (I), the mean% recoveries were found to be 100.49±0.15 for Amlodipine besylate and 98.99±1.83 for Telmisartan. For method (II), the mean% recoveries were found to be 99.55±0.92 and 100.48±1.69 for Telmisartan at 319 nm and 288 nm respectively and 99.92±1.69 for Amlodipine besylate at 393 nm. The validation of methods was carried out utilizing ICH guidelines.

TelmisartanAmlodipinesecond derivativefirst derivative ratio-spectroscopy.
175,414 views
52,666 downloads

Contributors:

 Aya I.Badran
,
 Hamed M.EL-Fatatry
,
 Sherin F.Hammad
Research PaperID: AJPTR52013

SclerocaryaBirrea Oil ModulatesHuman T-Lymphocyte Differentiation

Eugène S. Attakpa, Alphonse Sezan, Lamine Baba-Moussa, Bialli Seri, Messanvi Gbéassor, NaimAkhtar Khan

Sclerocaryabirrea (A. Rich.)Hochst. (Anacardiaceae) is one of the plants that played a role in feeding people in ancient times. English name Marula, is a savannah tree, belonging to the family Anacardiaceae, with a plum-like pale yellow fruit of 3–4 cm in diameter with a juicy mucilaginous flesh. Sclerocaryabirrea is deciduous and mainly dioecious, although there have been reports of monoecioustrees.The oil is extracted from the kernels that contain between 65% oil.This oil is composed with large amount of fatty acids which includes oleic acid (80-85%), linoleic acid (6.0-8.0 %), alpha-linolenic acid (0.2-0.9 %), palmitic acid (10-14%), stearic acid (7.0-9.0 %), arachidonic acid (0.5-0.8 %). Further tocopherols (26mg/100g), flavonoids are also found in Sclerocaryabirrea oil. Our results show that Sclerocaryabirrea oil exerted the most potent immunosuppressive effects on T cell proliferation and IL-2 mRNA expression.Sclerocaryabirrea oil-induced secretion of IL-4 by T-cells.The densitometric analysis of western blots revealed that Sclerocaryabirrea oilinhibited the phosphorylation of the three MAP kinases in T-cells.

Fatty acids CD3 Jurkat T-cells Oil Sclerocaryabirrea.
175,716 views
52,763 downloads

Contributors:

 Eugène S. Attakpa
,
 Alphonse Sezan
,
 Lamine Baba-Moussa
,
 Bialli Seri
,
 Messanvi Gbéassor
,
 NaimAkhtar Khan
Research PaperID: AJPTR52014

Preparation and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Sildenafil Citrate

Rajeev Hiremath, Guru Prasad Mohanta, M. Paridhavi

Sidenafil citrate is the first oral therapy for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Sildenafil is a selective inhibitor of cGMP specific phosphodiesterase type (PDE5).It is reported to be effective in men with ED associated with diabetes, prostrate cancer, psychological conditions. Pulmonary hypertension is a progressive disease of diverse origin with devastating consequences in adults as well as in children. The phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor sildenafil successfully lowers pulmonary vascular resistance. However, it is reported,Sildenafil citrate because of its poor enteral absorption results in ineffective plasma concentrations(41%) in infants and children. The major objective of this study is to prepare rapidly disintegrating, mouth dissolving tablets of Sildenafil citrate to achieve rapid onset of action and to circumvent first pass loss. Various tablet formulations were prepared by direct compression method using well known excipients. The tablets prepared using Pharmaburst® (a co-processed excipient system) in comparison with well known super disintegrants showed better results in terms of tablet hardness, content uniformity, disintegration time and wettebility. Tablets containing sildenafil citrate 10mg,20mg & 40mg were prepared Pharmaburst® and the bioavailability in rabbits was compared with conventional enteral. The Cmax values were found to be 0.72µg for 10mg tablet, 0.92µg for 20mg tablet, 1.38 µg for 40mg tablet, 0.64µg for the 100mg conventional tablets and the corresponding Tmax readings were at 2.5mins, 2.5mins, 5mins and 45mins. The study indicate mouth dissolving tablets of Sildenafil citrate prepared using Pharmaburst® provide rapid onset of action , better bioavailability over entral tablets.

Mouth dissolving tabletsSildenafil citratePharmaburst®In-vitro & In-vivo studies
175,716 views
52,765 downloads

Contributors:

 Rajeev Hiremath
,
 Guru Prasad Mohanta
,
 M. Paridhavi
Research PaperID: AJPTR52015

Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Buccal Film Containing Isradipine Solid Dispersion

M. Sri rekha, SK. Shaheda Sultana, K. Mahathi, P. Parveen, B. Prathima, A. Seetha devi

The present work aimed at preparing fast dissolving buccal films of Isradipine solid dispersion, since Isradipine is a poorly soluble drug and the rate of absorption is often controlled by the rate of dissolution. The purpose of developing a dosage form for a very quick onset of action and for improved bioavailability along with the convenience of administration i.e. without the problem of swallowing and using water. The rate of dissolution can be increased by incorporating the drug in a fast dissolving buccal film as a solid dispersion that prepared using polyethylene glycol (PEG4000) or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP k30). The fast dissolving films of Isradipine solid dispersion were prepared by solvent casting method using Lycoat RS720 polymer and glycerin as a plasticizer. The formulated films were evaluated for their physiochemical parameters like disintegration time, surface pH, thickness & weight of the films, percent moisture absorption, folding endurance, drug content and stability testing. Different factors affecting the dissolution rate of solid dispersion and fast dissolving film were studied. It was seen that as the ratio of drug to PEG4000 or PVP k30 in solid dispersion increased the release rate increased and the solvent evaporation method gave greater drug release than fusion method. In fast dissolving film it was seen that as the concentration of Lycoat RS720 increased the release rate decreased and as the concentration of glycerin increased the release rate increased. Formulation F6 showed 98.89% drug release from the film within 7 minutes which is an essential character for faster absorption.

Fast dissolving buccal filmIsradipineSolid dispersionLycoat RS720solvent casting method.
175,875 views
52,720 downloads

Contributors:

 M. Sri rekha
,
 SK. Shaheda Sultana
,
 K. Mahathi
,
 P. Parveen
,
 B. Prathima
,
 A. Seetha devi
Research PaperID: AJPTR52016

RP-HPLC Method development and validation for the Estimation of Etoposide in Bulk Drug and its Pharmaceutical Dosage Form.

B.Lakshmi, K.Rama Krishna, K.N.Jayaveera, G.V.Padmakar rao

A specific and accurate HPLC method is developed for the determination of etoposidein bulk drugs and in solid capsule dosage form. Best symmetric peak shape obtained with Inertsil ODS C-18 column (250 X 4.6 mm, 5μ) column in an isocratic mode, with retention time 5 min.The mobile phase used was Water : Acetonitrile  60:40(v/v)with flow rate 1.0 ml/min and effluent was monitored at 263 nm. As per ICH guidelines method has validated. Method has found linear in the range of 5-45 µg/ml. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.02 and 0.06 µg/ml respectively. Method was found specific with respective of diluents, excipients and degradants.

EtoposideRP-HPLCICH guidelinesMethod validation.
176,201 views
52,794 downloads

Contributors:

 B.Lakshmi
,
 K.Rama Krishna
,
 K.N.Jayaveera
,
 G.V.Padmakar rao
Research PaperID: AJPTR52017

Determination of Permeation Pathways of Clindamycin Phosphate into the Skin

Fadli A, Mohammad Nizam A. G, Ibrahim A, Kavitha M, Jiyauddin K, Samer A. D, S. Budiasih, M. Kaleemullah, Jawad A, Rasha S, Todo H, Sugibayashi K, Eddy Y

Extensive research has been conducted in the recent years with a focus on drug administration via the skin for both topical and systemic drug delivery. Understanding the drug permeation through the skin is crucial for the development of an optimal product. In this study, the permeation of clindamycin phosphate through the pig's ear was evaluated. Both plugged and non-plugged skin was used. In non-plugged skin, the hair follicle orifices were open and a significant amount of clindamycin phosphate was detected. However, plugged skin, in which hair follicle orifices were artificially blocked, clindamycin phosphate can only penetrate to a less extent through interfollicular epidermis and possible through sweat glands. The study was performed using a Franz-type diffusion cell for 24 hours. The samples were withdrawn for each time interval and were analyzed by UV spectrophotometer. Cumulative amount of permeated clindamycin phosphate was compared using the drug concentration. The difference in the percentage of drug permeated through plugged and non-plugged was57.67%. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the follicular route is an important route for the drug delivery through the skin.

Clindamycin phosphateFollicular routeAcne vulgaris and Pig’s ear skin.
176,227 views
52,845 downloads

Contributors:

 Fadli A
,
 Mohammad Nizam A. G
,
 Ibrahim A
,
 Kavitha M
,
 Jiyauddin K
,
 Samer A. D
,
 S. Budiasih
,
 M. Kaleemullah
,
 Jawad A
,
 Rasha S
,
 Todo H
,
 Sugibayashi K
,
 Eddy Y
Research PaperID: AJPTR52018

UV-Spectrophotometric Determination of Ofloxacin in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage form Using Hydrotropic Solubilization Technique

Sk.Masthannamma, T Ananta Sridhar, B Siva sankar naik, T Anil kumar

Hydrotropicsolvents may proper choice to preclude the use of organic solvents so that, a simple, accurate, novel, safe and precise method could developed for estimation of poorly water soluble drug,. Solubility of ofloxacin is increased by using 8M urea as a hydrotropic agent. Ofloxacin showed the maximum absorbance at 288 nm in method A, 284-292 nm in method B and 316nm in method C. At these wavelengths, hydrotropic agent and other tablet excipients did not show any significant interference in the spectrophotometric assay. The developed methods were found to be linear in the range of 3-15 µg/ml for method A, 1.5-7.5 µg/ml for method B&C with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.999, 0.996 and 0.992 respectively. The mean percent label claim of tablets of ofloxacin in formulation estimated by the proposed methods was found to be97.52%. The developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines and values of accuracy, precision and other statistical parameters were found to be good accordance with the prescribe values. As hydrotropic agent was used in the proposed methods, these methods were eco-friendly and it can be used in routine quantitative analysis of drug in bulk and dosage form in industries.

OfloxacinureaAUCHydrotropic solubilization techniquederivative spectroscopy.
176,081 views
53,005 downloads

Contributors:

 Sk.Masthannamma
,
 T Ananta Sridhar
,
 B Siva sankar naik
,
 T Anil kumar
Research PaperID: AJPTR52019

Beneficial Effects of Rosmarinus Officinalis on Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial-Infarction in Cardiotoxicity Rats

P Udhayaraja, K. Balan, S. Suresh, M. Murugesan

The present study investigates protective effects of Rosmarinus officinalis on oxidative stress and cardiac markers in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in rats. METHOD: Male albino wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=6). Group I received 0.5% CMC treated as normal control group. Group II received isoproterenol (85 mg/kg body weight .s.c) for two consecutive days (29th and 30th days). Group III received combination of Rosmarinus officinalis (100 mg/kg) intragastric intubation for 30 days. Group IV rats received combination of Rosmarinus officinalis as in Group III and additionally isoproterenol was given for two consecutive days (29th and 30th days). Induction of rats with ISO resulted in a well-marked elevation in lipid peroxidation and cardiac marker enzymes whereas, antioxidant activities were significantly reduced. Rosmarinus officinalis in resulted in significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and cardic marker enzymes. In addition, significant elevation of antioxidant activities was also observed in Rosmarinus officinalis in treated rats. When compared to the individual treatment groups. These findings conclude that Rosmarinus officinalis exhibited the protective effect of ISO induced myocardial infarction in rats.

Rosmarinus officinalisIsoproterenolCardiac markerLipid peroxidationAntioxidants
176,346 views
52,851 downloads

Contributors:

 P Udhayaraja
,
 K. Balan
,
 S. Suresh
,
 M. Murugesan
Research PaperID: AJPTR52020

Physical and Phytochemical Parameters of Abutilon Indicum (L), Leaves (Family-Malvaceae)

Ambarsingh Pratapsing Rajput, Milind Kashinath Patel

India is one of the countries in the world distinguished for immense miscellany amongst plants. Less number of plants is studied for their medicinal values as compared to the total number of different varieties of plants found in the universe. In our present study, the plant Abutilon indicum (Family- Malvaceae) was subjected for determination of physico-chemical parameters. The total ash value, acid soluble ash value, alcohol extractive value and water extractive values were determined. The Abutilon leaves were also subjected for phytochemical screening. Methanolic, petroleum ether and chloroformic extracts were selected for the present study as this plant possesses several secondary metabolites like alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, flavanoids and proteins. The petroleum ether extract confirmed the presence of sterols, terpenoids and alkaloids. The chloroform extract showed the presence of alkaloids, sterols, flavonoids and glycosides while the methanol extract confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, proteins and amino acids.

Abutilon indicumphysico-chemical parametersash valuesextractive valuesphytochemical screening.
176,293 views
53,022 downloads

Contributors:

 Ambarsingh Pratapsing Rajput
,
 Milind Kashinath Patel
Research PaperID: AJPTR52021

Dispersion of Aceclofenac in Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose, Eudragit Rs 100 and Ethyl Cellulose Polymeric Blend for Sustained Drug Delivery

A.V.Yadav, A.S. Shete, A.B. Velhal, S.S.Sakhare, S.H.Shirke

There are various techniques to control the release rate of the drugs, among which controlling dissolution rate is most popular due to its success and low cost. The use of sustained release dosage forms is increasing in treatment of acute and chronic diseases as they maintain the concentration of drug in plasma above minimum effective concentration and below the minimum toxic level for extended period of time. Thus, sustained drug delivery results in optimum drug therapy with reduced frequency of dosing and side effects. The objectives of the present investigation were to prepare granules of aceclofenac with different polymers and polymer blends by solid dispersion technique and investigate the different tablet evaluation parameters. Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation technique by using different polymers (Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose - K4M, Ethyl cellulose, and Eudragit RS-100).Solid state and drug polymer interactions were studied by Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction. The pharmaceutical performance was studied by in-vitro dissolution experiments.  Studies for the kinetics of the drug release from tablets showed a good fit to zero order kinetics indicating better controlled release of the drug. Significant effect was observed with polymer, concentration of polymer mixture on similarity factor. In stability study there was no significant change in the tablet properties after exposure to 40 ± 2 0C and 75 ± 5% RH for a period of 3 months.

sustainedpolymerssolid dispersionStability.
176,827 views
53,051 downloads

Contributors:

 A.V.Yadav
,
 A.S. Shete
,
 A.B. Velhal
,
 S.S.Sakhare
,
 S.H.Shirke
Research PaperID: AJPTR52022

Development and Validation of Second Order Derivative Spectrophotometric Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Cilnidipine and Valsartan in Synthetic Mixture

Jaldeepsinh V. Rathod, Dilip G. Maheshwari

A simple, accurate, and precise UV spectrophotometric method has been developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Cilnidipine and Valsartan in synthetic mixture. The estimation of drugs was done by Second Order Derivative spectrophotometric method using 219 nm and 227 nm wavelength. Methanol was used as a solvent. The Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 2-10 µg/ml for Cilnidipine and 5-25 µg/ml for Valsartan with R2 0.9994 and 0.9980 respectively. Accuracy was determined by recovery studies and showed % recovery between 98 to 102 % for both the drugs. The LOD and LOQ values of Cilnidipine were found to be 0.33 and 1.01 and for Valsartan values were found to be 0.18 and 0.55. The developed method was validated as per the ICH Guidelines Q2 (R1).

CilnidipineValsartanUV SpectrophotometrySecond Order Derivative spectroscopy.
176,951 views
53,019 downloads

Contributors:

 Jaldeepsinh V. Rathod
,
 Dilip G. Maheshwari
Research PaperID: AJPTR52023

Adsorption of Aqueous Methyl Orange by Lebanese Eryngium Creticum

Ali Mroweh, Akram Hijazi, Hassan Rammal, Mohamad Alameh, Joumana Toufaily, Tayssir Hamieh

Using natural adsorbants for the removal of dyes from solutions may represent a new and effective method of dye control and treatment. In this study, the adsorption of methyl orange by Lebanese Eryngiumcreticum was evaluated. Removal rates of methyl orange were determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and the adsorption process was found to be affected by initial dye concentration, adsorbant concentration, and pH. Adsorption isotherms were also plotted and showed a type III isotherm at pH 2, and a type V isotherm at pH 10. The adsorption of Eryngiumcreticum was then compared to other synthetic adsorbants and was found to offer similar adsorption capacity to some.

Methyl orangeEryngiumcreticumadsorptionisotherm.
176,887 views
53,142 downloads

Contributors:

 Ali Mroweh
,
 Akram Hijazi
,
 Hassan Rammal
,
 Mohamad Alameh
,
 Joumana Toufaily
,
 Tayssir Hamieh
Research PaperID: AJPTR52024

Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Everolimus in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Sureshbabu Kapavarapu, Rambabu Chintala

The present study was undertaken to develop a validated stability-indicating liquid chromatography method for estimating Everolimus in commercial tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on Kromasil C18column(100mm x 4.6 mm, 5m) with mobile phase containing potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer and acetonitrile taken in the ratio 75:25 v/v. The pH was adjusted to 3.0 with dilute orthophosphoric acid at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the eluent was monitored at 270 nm. The developed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines with respect to specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy and robustness. Linearity range was found to be between 5-30 ppm and the linear regression coefficient was not more than 0.999. The values of % RSD are less than 2% indicating that the accuracy and precision of the method are good. Statistical analysis proved that the method was precise, reproducible, selective, specific, and accurate for analysis of Everolimus. All the degradation products formed during forced degradation studies were well separated from the analyte  peak.

EverolimusKromasilC18ColumnBufferAcetonitrileRP-HPLC determination
176,885 views
53,162 downloads

Contributors:

 Sureshbabu Kapavarapu
,
 Rambabu Chintala
Research PaperID: AJPTR52025

In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Sargassum Ilicifolium (Turner) C.Agardh.

Sumithra M, V.Chitra, Maryam Al-Buloshi, Pagidi Divya Teja, A Samuel, Venkataramanan R.V

The present study was focused to assess traditional claims of Sargassum ilicifolium Turner C.Agardh towards anti-inflammatory and antioxidant property by invitro studies. In this study 70% of ethanolic extract of sargassum ilicifolium was prepared and subjected to preliminary phytochemical constituent screening followed by invitro antioxidant activity byDPPH assay using concentration 25-200µg/ml and invitro anti-inflammatory studies by Human RBC stabilization method using the concentration of 12.5-200µg/ml. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenioids, steroids, phenolic compounds, fats, oils, and tannins. In DPPH assay the free radical scavenging activity of the extract was determined by its reduction in yellow colored reduced DPPH formation and IC50  value was found to be 164.98µg/ml and invitro HRBC anti-inflammatory study, the extract was effective in inhibiting the hemolysis induced by hypotonic solution added to RBC cells and % reduction of haemolysis was found to be 52.08% at concentration of 12.5µg/ml and 16.86% for 200µg/ml and standard drug Diclofenac showed 32.68 and 4.28 % reduction of heamolysis at concentration of 12.5 and 200µg/ml respectively. The result shown effective action in dose dependent manner and was statistically proved.

Sargassum ilicifoliumDPPH assayHuman RBC StabilizationDiclofenac.
177,028 views
53,087 downloads

Contributors:

 Sumithra M
,
 V.Chitra
,
 Maryam Al-Buloshi
,
 Pagidi Divya Teja
,
 A Samuel
,
 Venkataramanan R.V
Research PaperID: AJPTR52026

Quantification of Nebivolol in Human Plasma Using Stable Labeled Internal Standard by ESI-LC-MS/MS

Sujan Kumar DP, Seshagiri Rao JVLN

A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of nebivolol using d4- nebivolol as internal standard has been developed and validated. The nebivolol and d4- nebivolol were extracted by liquid- liquid extraction using tert-butyl ethyl ether and separated on Kromasil 100-5C 4.6x100mm column using a mixture of 0.1% formic acid in 5 mM ammonium acetate, methanol and acetonitrile at composition of (20:20:60 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Detection involved an API-4000 LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization in the positive mode.  The method was validated as per the FDA guidelines and shown to provide an intra and inter day precision and accuracy within the acceptable limit with in a run time of 3.0 min. The proposed method can adopt for the regular bioequivalence study analysis and also can easily adoptable for clinical drug monitoring due to its simplicity and ruggedness.

NebivololHuman plasmaLiquid–liquid extractionLC-MS/MS.
177,210 views
53,268 downloads

Contributors:

 Sujan Kumar DP
,
 Seshagiri Rao JVLN
Research PaperID: AJPTR52027

Stability Indicating HPTLC Method for Dapoxetine HCL in Bulk and in Formulation

Rajendra Bhagwan Patil, Tushar A. Deshmukh, Vijay R. Patil

A new simple, accurate, precise and selective stability-indicating high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed and validated for the determination of Dapoxetine hydrochloride in bulk and in formulation. Chromatographic separation was performed on aluminum plate precoated with Silica Gel 60 F254 using Ethyl Acetate: Methanol (9:1 v/v) as the mobile phase with saturation time 20 min, followed by densitometric scanning at 239 nm. This system was found to give compact spot for Dapoxetine hydrochloride (Rf value 0.78 ± 0.005) and specificity in accordance with international conference on harmonization (ICH) prescribed stress conditions. The calibration curve was found to be linear between 100-700 ng/band. The proposed method was found to be accurate, precise, reproducible, specific and sensitive and applicable for the determination of Dapoxetine in bulk and in formulation. The drug was subjected to stress condition of hydrolysis (acid, base and neutral), oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation.

Dapoxetine hydrochlorideHPTLCStability.
177,491 views
53,176 downloads

Contributors:

 Rajendra Bhagwan Patil
,
 Tushar A. Deshmukh
,
 Vijay R. Patil
Research PaperID: AJPTR52028

Study on Prevalence and Management of Risk Factors Associated with Secondary Dyslipidemia

S. Sriram, N. Senthivel, Elda Maria Dominic, Murali Krishna Kandukuri, Anju Aleyamma Sabu

To assess the prevalence and types of lipid abnormalities, analyze the rationalein the drug therapy and drug interactions in the drug therapy. Each patient’s medication profile was reviewed and patients who met the inclusion criteria were briefed on the study. The data from medical charts of all the cases with lipid abnormality were recorded during ward rounds. The study population included patients with primary dyslipidemia (38.8%) and secondary dyslipidemia (61.2%). The major concomitant disease was systemic hypertension followed by Diabetes Mellitus. Majority of the patients were in non CHD category. 88.7% of non CHD patients had 2+ risk factors and 11.3% had 1 risk factor. The non CHD group were subjected for estimation of 10 year risk percentage for having CHD using Framingham’s scale in which 92% of non CHD patients had ≤ 20% ten year risks for having CHD. The drug interactions with lipid lowering agents were 33.3% and without lipid lowering agents were 66.7%. The major drug interactions with lipid lowering agents were high. Conclusion: Results revealed that Diabetes, Thyroid Disorders, Nephrotic Disorders are responsible for elevation of lipid profiles. Some dyslipidemias appear to be refractory to drug treatment in the presence of an ongoing unrecognized secondary cause.

DyslipidemiaCHDDiabetes MellitusFramingham’s scalelipid lowering agentThyroid+1 more
177,315 views
53,193 downloads

Contributors:

 S. Sriram
,
 N. Senthivel
,
 Elda Maria Dominic
,
 Murali Krishna Kandukuri
,
 Anju Aleyamma Sabu
Research PaperID: AJPTR52029

Stability Indicating RP-HPLC-PDA Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Olmesartan Cilnidipine and Chlorthalidone with Forced Degradation Behavior Study in Bulk and in Its Tablet Dosage Form

Ganipisetty Lakshmi Aswini, D.Dachinamoorthy, J.V.L.N.Seshagiri rao

An accurate, efficient Stability indicating reversed-phase high-perfomance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Olmesartan, Cilnidipine and Chlorthalidone. All the drugs were separated on a KROMASIL 250 x 4.6 mm, column packed with 5 µm particles. The mobile phase, optimized through an experimental design, was a 45:55 (v/v) mixture of acetonitrile and Ortho phosphoric acid buffer(0.1%OPA), pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. UV detection was performed at 230 nm. The retention time of Olmesartan, Cilnidipine and Chlorthalidone was found to be 2.280min, 8.356 min and 2.804min respectively. The method was validated in the sample concentration ranges of 20-120 µg/ml for Olmesartan and 5-30 µg/ml for Cilnidipine, and Chlorthalidone 6.25-37.5µg/ml.  The method demonstrated to be robust, resisting to small deliberate changes in pH and flow rate of the mobile phase. The LOD values were 0.08µg/ml, 0.04µg/ml and 0.05 µg/ml, while the LOQ values were 0.24µg/ml, 0.12µg/ml and 0.16µg/ml for Olmesartan, Cilnidipine and Chlorthalidone respectively.

RP-HPLCOlmesartanCilnidipine and Chlorthalidonetablet dosage form.
177,638 views
53,342 downloads

Contributors:

 Ganipisetty Lakshmi Aswini
,
 D.Dachinamoorthy
,
 J.V.L.N.Seshagiri rao
Research PaperID: AJPTR52030

Influence of Imipramine and Sertraline on Neurodegeneration, Behavioural and Immune Cell Parameters in Rats Under Chronic Unpredictable Stress

T. Jyothi Kiran, P.L.S.Pratyusha

Stress is one of the major causes of anxiety & depression. Chronic conditions like anxiety & depression when left untreated may result in neuronal & psychological disorders. The present study is aimed at identifying if chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) can cause neurodegeneration in rats and if imipramine & sertraline ( drugs being used for the treatment of depression and anxiety) can protect or recover the brain from neurodegeneration. This study involves 4 groups, namely, Control group (G-I), Chronic unpredictable stress induced group (G-II), CUS + Imipramine (10mg/Kg) treated group (G-III), and CUS + Sertraline (10mg/Kg) treated group (G-IV) with n=6 in each group. The study is conducted for 30 days where stress is induced in G-II, while stress is accompanied with drug treatment in G-III & G-IV. At the end of the 30 day protocol, animals were screened by elevated plus maze and forced swim test . The EPM did not show clear signs of anxiety but the FST has shown signs of depression in G-II & recovery from depression in G-III and G-IV. Serum cortisol levels were assessed and the elevated cortisol levels in G-II clearly indicates that stress has been induced. At the end of the study brains were isolated for histopathological examination and the results indicate that chronic unpredictable stress has induced neurodegeneration in G-II and the drugs Imipramine & Sertraline have shown signs of protection/recovery from neurodegeneration. All the results were analyzed using Graph pad prism (version 6) software.

stressneurodegenerationanxietydepressionsertralineimipramine.
177,714 views
53,430 downloads

Contributors:

 T. Jyothi Kiran
,
 P.L.S.Pratyusha
Research PaperID: AJPTR52031

Assessment of Physico-Chemical Status of Ground Water Taken from Different Sites of Nagpur District and Amravati District, Maharashtra, India

Y.R. Dakare, A.K. Wanjari, U.E. Chaudhari, A.B. Sahare

This paper is intended to be a study concerning with surface water quality in Nagpur city Ambazari Dam (India) and Amravati District (India) area dam. While monitoring samples were collected in February 2015 from sampling sites to evaluate relative differences in Physico-chemical properties of Dam Water, Boar Well such as Turbidity, Silica, Hardness, COD, TDS, DO, Phosphate, Alkalinity, Sulphate, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, etc . The results are compared with standards of World Health Organisation (WHO), United States Public Drinking water Standard (USPH) and Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). A systematic correlation study showed significant linear relationship among different pairs of water quality parameters.

Physico-chemical parametersGround waterNagpur DistrictAmravati District.
177,887 views
53,336 downloads

Contributors:

 Y.R. Dakare
,
 A.K. Wanjari
,
 U.E. Chaudhari
,
 A.B. Sahare
Research PaperID: AJPTR52032

Synergistic/Antagonistic Interactions of Antibiotics and Hot Aqueous Tinospora Cordifolia Extracts

Rashmi Zankyani, M. G. Roymon

Present study analyzes antibacterial and synergistic potential of different parts of Tinospora cordifolia hot aqueous extracts against three environmental isolates and three MTCC reference strains of K. pneumoniae, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Antibacterial activity was observed by agar dilution method in triplicates. Synergistic potential of extracts was observed with seven different antibiotics named as Ceftiaxone (CTR), Kanamycin (K), Gentamycin (GEN), Chloramphenicol (C), Cefotaxime/Cephotaxime (CTX), Tetracycline (TE) and Nalidixic Acid (NA). Results revealed that no extracts shows any antibacterial activity, while synergistic activity was observed with various antibiotics with plant extracts. This concluds that plant extract contains antibiotic resistance inhibitor compound in it. Results show maximum synergistic activity with chloramphenicol against P. aeruginosa with all four aqueous extracts. While no synergistic or antagonistic activity was observed against K. pneumoniae with hot aqueous fruit and leaf extract with any antibiotics used. Antagonistic activity of hot aqueous leaf extract was observed with Ceftiaxone against E. coli followed by Cefotaxime against MTCC K. pneumoniae. While synergistic activity was observed with Chloramphenicol against P. aeruginosa, MTCC P. aeruginosa and Ceftiaxone against P. aeruginosa. It will be a great achievement for the researchers to test different combination of antibiotics and plant extracts without any confirmatory consideration of their individual effect in-vitro. This kind of synergistic work can lead to great evolution in pharmaceutical industries.

SynergismantagonisticantibioticsK. pneumoniaeE. coliP. aeruginosa.
178,089 views
53,375 downloads

Contributors:

 Rashmi Zankyani
,
 M. G. Roymon
Research PaperID: AJPTR52033

To Study Application of Different Isotherm Models on Bismuth (III) Ions Adsorption onto Impregnated Granular Activated Charcoal

A.K. Londe, A.K. Wanjari, U.E. Chaudhari, A.S. Dhote

Adsorption has been proved to be an excellent way to treat industrial waste effluents, offering significant advantages like the low-cost, availability, profitability, easy of operation and efficiency. In this paper four parameter isotherm model namely Langmuir, three parameters namely Freundlich and Temkin were applied to describe the isotherm and to calculate their constant. The best estimation of the parameters of these models by non-linear regression analysis was obtained. A comparison between four and three parameters isotherm was reported. The characteristic parameter of each isotherm and related coefficient of determination (R2) have been determined. All the coefficient of determination (R2) of the non-linear method are close to unity. The effect of various parameters influencing the Bi(III) adsorptions such as effect of pH, Contact time, temperature, adsorbent dose have been studied. Maximum adsorption found to be 81.13 at pH 1. The results indicate that surface modification with N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt (NLSSS) could be used to significantly enhance the capacity of granulated activated charcoal to adsorb Bi(III) metal ion.

Granular Activated CarbonN-Lauroylsarcosine sodium saltAdsorptionImpregnationIsothermBismuth.
178,036 views
53,470 downloads

Contributors:

 A.K. Londe
,
 A.K. Wanjari
,
 U.E. Chaudhari
,
 A.S. Dhote
Research PaperID: AJPTR52034

Identification of Alkaloids in Methanol Extract of Datura Stramonium Plant from Iran

Alireza.Sardashti, Tayebe. pourgharib Shahi

All parts of Datura plants contain dangerous levels of the tropane, alkaloids, atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine which are classified as deliriants, or anticholinerqics. The aerial parts of Datura stramonium were harvested in flowering stage from botanic  garden of Sistan and Baluchestan university in the mid, June 2012. The methanol extract was gathered by soxhlet apparatus and concentrated in rotary. We could generate total alkaloid solution by the use of sulfuric acid, ammonia and chloroform. The alkaloid total was purified by passing from a column of silica gel and was washed by a combination of ether petroleum and chloroform solutions. The existence of alkaloid and purity of the generated solution from the column by the thin-layer chromatography technique was confirmed. Then this solution was analyzed by GC-MS technique. The scopolamine alkaloid was identified with the amount of 5.77%. This combination is the reason of antioxidant feature of the plant extract.

Datura stramonium plantMethanol extractGC-MS techniqueScopolamine alkaloid.
178,460 views
53,407 downloads

Contributors:

 Alireza.Sardashti
,
 Tayebe. pourgharib Shahi
Research PaperID: AJPTR52035

A Validated Reversed-Phase HPLC Method for the Determination of Hydrochlorothiazide in Human Plasma

Syed N. Alvi, Muhammad M. Hammami

A simple and precise reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in human plasma was developed and validated. Using hydroflumethiazide as an internal standard (IS), separation was achieved on Atlantis dC 18 column. The mobile phase, 10 mM monobasic potassium phosphate and acetonitrile (80:20, v: v), was delivered at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min. The eluent was monitored by photodiode array detector, with the wavelength set at 272 nm. Plasma samples containing HCT and IS were extracted with methyl tert butyl ether and reconstituted in mobile phase. No interference in blank plasma or of commonly used drugs was observed. The relationship between the concentration of HCT in plasma and peak area ratio of HCT to the IS was linear over the range of 5-300 ng/ml. The intra-day and inter inter-day coefficient of variation and bias were

HydrochlorothiazideHydroflumethiazideHuman plasmaHPLC.
178,446 views
53,444 downloads

Contributors:

 Syed N. Alvi
,
 Muhammad M. Hammami
Research PaperID: AJPTR52036

Hepatitis B immunity status of Biomedical Students in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, North Western Nigeria.

Okwesili AN, Hassan Jafaru, Erhabor O, Abdulrhaman Y, Uko EK, Udomah F

The aim of this study was to investigate the Hepatitis B immunity status of Biomedical Students of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria. CTK Biotech (USA) Onsite HBsAb ELISA kit was used for the determination of HBsAb status of subjects. We investigated the HBsAb status of 186 biomedical students aged ≥ 18 years (mean age 26 ± 2.0 years) made up of 147 males and 39 females. Out of 186 subject analyzed, 69 (37.1%) were Medical, 75(40.3%) were Medical Laboratory Science and 42(22.6%) were Nursing students. Age group distribution among these subject shows that majority 108(58.0%) were in the 21-25 years age group. Subjects were stratified based on marital status. Majority of subjects were single 173(93.1%) compared to married 13 (6.9%). Ethnic distribution of subjects indicated that 104(55.9%) were Hausa, 32 (17.2%) were Yoruba while 20(10.8%), 9(4.8%) and 21(11.3%) were Fulani, Igbo and other ethnic groups respectively. Among the 186 subjects studied, only 13(7.0%) has had prior complete course of hepatitis B vaccination (p=0.001). Protective HBsAb titre (>10miu/ml) was evident in 72(38.7%) of the subjects while 114 (61.3%) did not had no protective HBsAb titre (

Hepatitis B immunity statusBiomedical StudentsUsmanu Danfodiyo UniversityNigeria.
178,642 views
53,491 downloads

Contributors:

 Okwesili AN
,
 Hassan Jafaru
,
 Erhabor O
,
 Abdulrhaman Y
,
 Uko EK
,
 Udomah F
Research PaperID: AJPTR52038

Synthesis and Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Some New 3-Aminoalkylated Indole Derivatives

S uresh C. Jadhvar, Hanmant M. Kasraliker, Sudhakar R. Bhusare

An effective and economical protocol was developed for the synthesis of 3-substituted indoles by one-pot three-component coupling reaction of a substituted salicylaldehyde, N-methylaniline and indole using [Hmim] HSO4 as a catalyst. All the synthesized derivatives were evaluated for inhibition of cancer cell. The initial assays indicated that some of the newly synthesized compounds displayed significantly good inhibition activities against human breast cancer cell (MCF7), cell lines compared with the control (Adriamysin), which might be developed as novel lead scaffold for potential anticancer agents.

Anticancer activityOne-pot synthesisSalicylaldehydeIndoles[Hmim] HSO43-Aminoalkylated indoles.
178,684 views
53,583 downloads

Contributors:

 S uresh C. Jadhvar
,
 Hanmant M. Kasraliker
,
 Sudhakar R. Bhusare
Research PaperID: AJPTR52039

Microwave Accelerated Synthesis of Novel Thiazolidin-4-Ones as Potent Antimicrobial Agents

Vikas V. Borgaonkar, Bhagwan R. Patil

Thiazolidinone is considered as biologically significant compound that possesses almost all types of biological activities. Some new 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones have been synthesized from ketimines by microwave irradiation method. Microwave mediated organic reactions take place more rapidly, safely, with high yields and ecofriendly too. All the synthesized products were tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. The results of the tests showed that some of the synthesized compounds are effective antibacterial as well as antifungal agents.

ThiazolidinonesKetiminesAntimicrobialMicrowave irradiation method.
178,759 views
53,650 downloads

Contributors:

 Vikas V. Borgaonkar
,
 Bhagwan R. Patil
Research PaperID: AJPTR52040

Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, Magnetic Properties and Biological Activity Studies of Mn (II), Co (II), Cu (II) and Ni (II) Complexes of Azo Dye Schiff Base Ligand

Md. Faridur Rahman, Aniruddha Chakraborty, Tanmoy Das

A new azo dye Schiff base ligand, namely N, N′-bis (5-(4-nitrophenyl) diazenyl)-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)ethylenediimine (NDHBDED) has been synthesized and characterized by analytical techniques. And transition metal complexes of Mn (II), Co (II), Cu (II) and Ni (II) were synthesized by the derived azo dye Schiff base. The complexes were characterized for the elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, electronic spectra, spectral analysis, pH metric method, conductance measurement, magnetic moment measurement at room temperature. Analytical data reveal that Mn (II), Co (II), Cu (II) and Ni (II) complexes posses 1:1 metal-ligand ratios. Schiff base and synthesized complexes were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Co (II) and Cu (II) complexes have been found to be more effective for antimicrobial activity.

Azo dye Schiff baseMetal complexesCharacterizationSpectral analysesAntimicrobial activity.
178,793 views
53,714 downloads

Contributors:

 Md. Faridur Rahman
,
 Aniruddha Chakraborty
,
 Tanmoy Das
Research PaperID: AJPTR52041

Validated Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Quantitative Estimation of Hydrochlorothiazide and Nebivolol Hydrochloride in Bulk and Combined Tablet Dosage Form

Mohammad Yunoos, D. Gowri Sankar

A simple and precise stability indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and Nebivolol Hydrochloride (NBV) inbulk and Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatography was carried out on Thermo Hypersil BDS C 18 (150 x 4.6 mm, 5mparticle size) column using a mobile phase of phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 6.5 with dilute orthophosphoric acid): acetonitrile (40:60% v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. The analyte was monitored using PDA detector at 282 nm. The retention time was found to be2.4 min and 4.0min for Hydrochlorothiazide and Nebivolol Hydrochloride respectively. The proposed method was found to be having linearity in the concentration range of 6.25-37.5 µg/ml for Hydrochlorothiazide (r2 0.9999) and 2.5-15 µg/ml for Nebivolol Hydrochloride (r2 0.9999) respectively. The mean % recoveries obtained were found to be 99.93 % for Hydrochlorothiazide and 100.03% for Nebivolol Hydrochloride respectively. Stress testing which covered acid, alkali, peroxide, photolytic and thermal degradation was performed on under test to prove the specificity of the method and the degradation was achieved. The developed method has been statistically validated according to ICH guide lines and found to be simple, precise and accurate with the prescribed values. Thus the proposed method was successfully applied for the stability indicating simultaneous determination of Hydrochlorothiazide and Nebivolol Hydrochloridein bulk and Pharmaceutical formulations and in routine quality control analysis.

HydrochlorothiazideNebivolol HydrochlorideRP-HPLCForced degradationMethod validation.
179,120 views
53,766 downloads

Contributors:

 Mohammad Yunoos
,
 D. Gowri Sankar
Research PaperID: AJPTR52042

Identification of New Pharmacophore in Bioactive Palladium Schiff Base Metal Complexes of Cephalosporins: Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity

Satyendra Nath Shukla, Pratiksha Gaur, Jai Prakash Gupta, Sheela Mathews, Nidhi Rai, Bhaskar Chaurasia

Growing numbers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are putting this golden era of medicine at risk and stresses the need for regular monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility, and developing a new design being active against resist pathogens. In this view seven Schiff base ligands of Cephalosporin group antibiotics were synthesized by their condensation with salicylaldehyde in equimolar ratio. Complexes of these Schiff bases with Pd (II) metal were synthesized in 1:2 stoichiometric ratio. The complexes were formulated as [Pd(L)2].3H2O, where L is Schiff base of seven different cephalosporin antibiotics. Complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance, UV-Visible, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C{1H}-NMR, 2D-NMR and ESI-Mass spectrometry. Schiff bases were coordinated with metal through phenolic oxygen and azomethine-N, giving simple square planar geometry to complexes. Complexes were tested for antibacterial activity and MIC against gram-negative bacteria E. coli and gram positive bacteria S. aureus and were found more potent than Schiff bases and precursor antibiotics.

Cephalosporin groupsPalladium ComplexesSchiff baseAntibacterial activityPharmacophore.
178,982 views
53,807 downloads

Contributors:

 Satyendra Nath Shukla
,
 Pratiksha Gaur
,
 Jai Prakash Gupta
,
 Sheela Mathews
,
 Nidhi Rai
,
 Bhaskar Chaurasia
Research PaperID: AJPTR52043

Fast Disintegrating Tablet Containing Cassia Angustifolia (Senna)

V Sai Shivram, Dalavi Vishal, Mandavkar Yuvaraj, Deshmukh Swapnil

Cassia angustifolia is popularly known as senna, since its leaves and pods are common laxatives, they are widely used in medicine and as a household remedy for constipation all over the world popularly in Europe and US. It is available in various dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, granules, liquids and in combination with other laxatives. The objective of the present research work is to develop a preservative free formulation with direct compression approach, complying to USP dissolution test, microbiological purity and standards of heavy metals laid down by WHO. The tablets prepared by direct compression approach are economical, have minimum processing steps, faster disintegration, rapid onset of action and complying to all other tablets parameters.

Heavy metalmicrobial countpreservative freesenna extractUSP dissolution.
178,991 views
53,785 downloads

Contributors:

 V Sai Shivram
,
 Dalavi Vishal
,
 Mandavkar Yuvaraj
,
 Deshmukh Swapnil
Research PaperID: AJPTR52044

Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Musa Acuminata, Citrus Sinensis and Phyllanthus Emblica

Deepa Philip C, Lavanya B, Sasirekha G V, Santhi M

The present study aims to investigate the phytochemical screening, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of commonly used fruits, Musa acuminata Red Dacca (Red Banana), Citrus sinensis (Orange) and Phyllathus emblica (Amla). Edible part of Phyllanthus emblica, Musa acuminata Red Dacca and peel of Citrus sinensis are taken for the study. The phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of Musa acuminata revealed strong presence of carbohydrates and glycosides and moderate presence of tannins, proteins, flavonoids, steroids and phenols. The ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensis showed abundance of flavonoids and least presence of carbohydrates, proteins and steroids. Strong presence of phenol was shown in Phyllanthus emblica and all the others were present in least amount. The antioxidant activity was determined by ferric reducing power assay (FRP) where Phyllanthus emblica showed maximum activity that was followed by Citrus sinensis peel and then Musa acuminata. α-Amylase inhibitory assay was performed to detect the antidiabetic activity of these fruits by comparing with  commercially available drug Okamet. It was Phyllanthus emblica that used lowest concentration to inhibit the enzyme which was found similar to positive commercial standard Okamet that is used for reducing blood sugar level. Hence it can be concluded that Phyllanthus emblica has good antioxidant and antidiabetic property than Musa acuminata and Citrus sinensis.

Musa acuminataCitrus sinensisPhyllanthus emblicaOkamet.
179,418 views
53,790 downloads

Contributors:

 Deepa Philip C
,
 Lavanya B
,
 Sasirekha G V
,
 Santhi M
Research PaperID: AJPTR52045

Development and Validation of HPTLC Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Gatifloxacin and Loteprednol Etabonate in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form.

K. B. Premakumari, V. Murugan

A simple, accurate, precise high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for simultaneous estimation of Gatifloxacin (GAT) and Loteprednol etabonate (LOTE) in ophthalmic formulation has been developed and validated. The method employed TLC aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60F254 as stationary phase. The solvent system consisted of methanol: ethylacetate: triethylamine (7:3:0.2v/v/v). Densitometric analysis was carried out at 272nm for LOTE and GAT. The system was found to give compact spots for LOTE and GAT at Rf value of0.70 and 0.29respectively. The linear regression analysis data showed a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 1-5µg/spot for LOTE and GAT. The% recovery was found to be 99-101% for GAT and 99-102% for LOTE. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.999 for LOTE and GAT. The % RSD values indicated that the proposed method was precise. The specificity of the method was ascertained by peak purity profiling studies and the developed method was specific. The method has been successfully applied in the analysis of combined dosage form.

GatifloxacinLoteprednol etabonateHPTLC and Method Validation.
179,538 views
53,958 downloads

Contributors:

 K. B. Premakumari
,
 V. Murugan
Research PaperID: AJPTR52046

Optimal Conditions for Production of Extracellular Alkaline Protease from Newly Isolated Bacillus Sp from Leather Industry Effluents

S.Manikandan, A. Panneerselvam

The growth and protease production by Bacillus sp.was examined for leather processing industries. The maximum protease activity was 88 mg/ml using 4% (w/v) of Mongdal powder as substrate. Mongdal powder is an inexpensive and readily available, thus it can be used as the cost effective crude material for the production of an extracellular protease. Inorganic nitrogen sources proved to be less favorable, for protease production as strong catabolic repression was observed with ammonium ions. A maximum of 36 mg/mL of protease was produced in 48 h in a 22 L bioreactor in addition, the enzyme was found to be very stable toward  of the metal ions used (Ca2+, Mg2+, KH 2PO4, and NaCl) maximum enzyme activity found in KH 2PO4 32 mg/ml. Keywards: Alkaline protease,Mongdal powder, Bacillus sp., protease, soybean.

Alkaline proteaseMongdal powderBacillus sp.proteasesoybean.
179,780 views
53,810 downloads

Contributors:

 S.Manikandan
,
 A. Panneerselvam
Research PaperID: AJPTR52047

UV-Spectrophotometric Determination of Daurnavir in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form Using Hydrotropic Solubilization Technique (8m Urea)

SK.Mastanamma, T.Anil kumar, B. Siva sankarnaik, D. Sindhu Priya

Hydrotropicsolvents may proper choice to preclude the use of organic solvents so that, a simple, accurate, novel, safe and precise method could developed for estimation of poorly water soluble drug,. Solubility of Daurnavirincreased by using 8M urea as a hydrotropic agent. Daurnavir1showed the maximum absorbance at 263.91nm in method A,254-274 nm in method B and 264nm in method C. At these wavelengths, hydrotropic agent and other tablet excipients did not show any significant interference in the spectrophotometric assay. The developed methods were found to be linear in the range of5-40 µg/ml for method A, method B&C with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.997, 0.995 and 0.997 respectively.The mean percent label claim of tablets of of Daurnavir in formulation estimated by the proposed methods was found to be107%. The developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines and values of accuracy, precision and other statistical parameters were found to be good accordance with the prescribe values. As hydrotropic agent was used in the proposed methods, these methods were eco-friendly and it can be used in routine quantitative analysis of drug in bulk and dosage form in industries. Key words:Daurnavir, urea;  AUC; Hydrotropicsolubilization technique; derivative spectroscopy.

DaurnavirureaAUCHydrotropicsolubilization techniquederivative spectroscopy.
179,811 views
53,970 downloads

Contributors:

 SK.Mastanamma
,
 T.Anil kumar
,
 B. Siva sankarnaik
,
 D. Sindhu Priya

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