obesity

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic syndrome and major chronic liver disease that can lead to liver cirrhosis, liver cancer and ultimately death. Although its progression rate may be slower than that other types of liver disease and the incidence of which is rising rapidly due to the increasing epidemic of obesity in both children and adults, worldwide. The accumulation of fat followed by subsequent inflammation is central to the development of liver injury, and is influenced by host factors including age, gender, presence of diabetes, genetic polymorphism and recently gut microbiome. NAFLD is also a risk factor of cardiovascular disease, which is the commonest cause of mortality. The natural history of NAFLD remains unclear. Lifestyle modification that including diet, exercise and weight reduction may be the best way to manage disease and one of the best advice for patients. This review focusses on the pathogenesis and evolution of new approaches to the management and treatment of NAFLD.

Overweight and obesity is one of the major health hazard, an epidemic of 21st century and increasing worldwide. Women tend to gain weight with progression of age. The present study aimed to compute changes in obesity related health risk like weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist hip ratio (WHR), visceral fat (VF) and percent body fat (PBF), physical activity level (PAL) and dietary intake in different age groups of  obese working women  in B.H.U (respondents). For this cross – sectional study was done on 200 respondents and they were selected by purposive sampling technique. Pre-tested and pre-designed questionnaire-cum interview schedule was used for data collection. Anthropometric measurements were taken by standard technique (Jelliffe, 1966). The values of PBF and VF were taken by Omron Body Composition Monitor, HBF 212. The relationship between obesity related health risk, PAL and dietary intake was determined in three age groups i.e. ≤ 35 years, 36 - 50 years and > 50 years. A gradual increase in obesity health risk i.e. height, weight, BMI and PBF was observed with the advancement of age but it is not so in case of WC, WHR and VF. The PAL value ranges between 1.40 – 1.99 and the mean physical activity score was 1.58 ± 0.11. The PAL values showed that majority of respondent’s falls in the category of sedentary lifestyle. The protein, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus and total fibre intake was higher in all the age group as recommended by recommended dietary allowances (RDA), 2010. Correlation between ages, obesity related health risk and nutrient intake was observed from the value of Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r).The age shows correlation with weight (r= 0.195, P < 0.01), BMI (r= 0.190, P < 0.01), WC (r= 0.74, P < 0.05) and PBF(r= 0.472, P < 0.001) and a negative correlation with calcium (r= - 0.178, P

Obesity and its comorbidities represent major concern worldwide, so the aim of the current study is to investigate the prevalence of obesity and the use of weight loss medication in Saudi populations. A community-based, cross-sectional survey, conducted in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia from September to November 2013. Enrolled participant was asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire; the questionnaires were distributed to friends, relatives, and governmental sector hospitals. Body mass index (BMI) was used as an obesity indicator. A total of 312 participants were enrolled, 262 participants were included. The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity in the present study were 26% and 16.1%, respectively. Overweight and obesity prevalence were showed in age (36-45years) (34.6% and 42.2%), respectively. Surprisingly, 47.2 % of bachelor carriers did not know their IBW and 66.6% of participants with above bachelor degree were wrong about their IBW. 48.8% of the participants had no family history of obesity. Additionally, the current study showed that 22.5% had chronic diseases, 5% of them had diabetes. Regarding the use of weight loss managements, only 10% of the participants used pharmacological treatments, 25% used herbs and only 1.5% underwent a bariatric surgery. The current study revealed an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among study participants that indicates the necessity of more population's education and governmental cooperation to increase the community awareness for the importance of doing physical activity and cut off dietary risk factors.