indomethacin

Gout is a disease caused by the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in tissue such as cartilage, synovial membranes, bones and skin which causes inflammation in the synovial tissue. Indomethacin is first line of drug used as NSAID for the treatment of Gout. The aim of this study was to encapsulate Indomethacin in ethyl cellulose microspheres and compare the efficiency of the formulated Indomethacin microspheres with the Marketed formulation. Indomethacin microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation method. FTIR  studies revealed there was no significant interaction between the drug and polymer. Preformulation studies gave satisfactory results. SEM studies showed a spherical smooth microsphere average size of 10.4±3.04. The percentage entrapment efficiency and percentage drug release after 10 hours was found to be 82.97±1.6 % and 52.04±0.58 % respectively. The therapeutic effect of the Indomethacin microspheres was evaluated by the swelling of knee joints, joint range of motion and histologic analysis of MSU induced rat model. The prepared indomethacin microspheres showed effective prolong in the retention time of the drug in the intra articular cavity to 30 d which is more than that of the marketed formulation. Intra- articular injection of Indomethacin microspheres efficiently relieved inflammatory symptoms such as swelling index, joint range motion and suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration than the marketed formulation. Thus intra-articular injection of Indomethacin loaded microspheres proved to be a promising therapeutic method in the treatment of Gout.

This study is designed to investigate the cytoprotective effect of the methanolic extract of Musa paradisiaca in combination with catecholamines on indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer. The pylorus ligation technique was used for cytoprotective and Anti-secretory action of the extract. Ulcerated control received distilled water, Group II - IV received 0.5 ml of the plant extract orally for 14 days. The rats were fasted for 48 hours after the end of the second week. 50mg/kg of adrenalin (Epinephrine) was administered to members of group II and 50mg/kg of dopamine was administered to members of group III. One hour later the animals were sacrificed, the stomachs were removed by laparastomy. The gastric lesions in the glandular region were assessed and measured to determine the ulcer index. Pylorus ligation in the group II, III and IV showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the ulcer index compared to group I. The ulcer index of Group I was 14.8±3.5 compared to Group II (8.2±1.4), Group III (4.8±1.7), and Group IV (3.0±1.1). The extract also showed 67.57% ulcer protection index against indomethacin. Results of the anti-secretory activity of the extract showed that treatment with M. paradisiaca resulted in a significant increase in gastric fluid after histamine stimulation when compared with the negative control as well as protect rats from ulceration after histamine administration. The results suggested that the methanolic extract of Musa paradisiaca possess cytoprotective effect against indomethacin-induced ulceration. This effect was however decreased when the extract is administered with catecholamines.

In the present study, the effects of pre-treatment with catecholamine on indomethacin-induced ulcer were studied. Rats were exposed to various treatments with epinephrine and dopamine 30 minutes before ulcer was induced using NSAID (indomethacin). Experimental ulceration was induced in fasted rats using Indomethacin (40mg/kg.p.o). Four hours later after indomethacin administration, the stomachs were opened under thiopentane anesthesia and the ulcer area scored by planimetry. Sections of the stomachs were prepared for histology and stained for apoptotic cell count. Acid secretion was also studied in the control and treated animals by pylorus ligation technique. Indomethacin treatment resulted in the formation of ulcer with ulcer index of 5.0±0.5 while the pre-treatment with catecholamine significantly reduced ulceration episodes (epinephrine: ulcer index=3.0±0.7, dopamine: ulcer index=2.0±0.7, p