drug delivery

In every field of life, nanotechnology has an impact. Researchers expend their interests on gold nanoparticles synthesis as they provide superior properties for various types of applications. Different physical and chemical methods have synthesized conventionally nanoparticles that have a negative impact on the environment. Due to their unique properties, small size and high area-to-volume ratio, gold nanoparticles show special advantages in this field among nanoparticles. Because of their inert nature, stability, high dispersity, non-cytotoxicity and biocompatibility, these particles have been widely used in various biomedical applications and drug delivery systems.This paper shows the comparison and survey of all the methods. 

Chitosan-g-AMPS was synthesized using free radical initiators and characterized by FTIR, PXRD, SEM and TGA analysis. The 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulphonic acid (AMPS) concentration has been optimized from 3.5 x 10-2  to 19.5 x 10-2 mol dm-3 to get maximum grafting of AMPS monomer onto chitosan. The FTIR spectral analysis proves the successful grafting and the PXRD spectra reveals the increase in crystallinity due to grafting of AMPS. SEM images exposed that smooth form of chitosan was changed into porous and fluffy structure after grafting. The cumulative drug diclofenac sodium release was studied in colonic medium. Delivery of drug was 13% and 55% during 4 h of assay in gastro-enteric and colonic system respectively and chitosan was dissolved about 53% and 65% in gastro-enteric and colonic system, respectively. The drug release behavior depends on the pH of medium as well as on the nature of beads, and AMPS grafted chitosan shows slow release of diclofenac sodium.

Microsponges are polymeric delivery systems composed of porous microspheres. They are tiny sponge-like spherical particles with a large porous surface. Moreover, they may enhance stability, reduce side effects and modify drug release favorably. Microsponge technology has many favorable characteristics, which make it a versatile drug delivery vehicle. Microsponge Systems are based on microscopic, polymer-based microspheres that can suspend or entrap a wide variety of substances, and can then be incorporated into a formulated product such as a gel, cream, liquid or powder. The outer surface is typically porous, allowing a sustained flow of substances out of the sphere. Microsponges are porous, polymeric microspheres that are used mostly for topical use and have recently been used for oral administration. Microsponges are designed to deliver a pharmaceutical active ingredient efficiently at the minimum dose and also to enhance stability, reduce side effects, and modify drug release. The aim of this article is to provide detail about microsponges and the past work done on it.  Microsponge delivery system consisting of a polymeric bead having network of pores with an active ingredient held within. Microsponge was developed to provide controlled release of the active ingredients whose final target is skin itself. Microsponge delivery system can be prepared into conventional dosage forms such as creams, lotions, gels, ointments, and powder and share a broad package of benefits. It holds a promising future in various pharmaceutical applications in the coming years. This review article consists of full detail on microsponge and different types of drug formulated in microsponge.

Microsponge is unique drug delivery technique used for topical controlled drug delivery system as well as oral controlled drug delivery system. Microsponges are highly porous surface polymeric microspheres.  A well typical Microsponges (25 µm) can have up to 250000 pores approximately, due to  they also  give prolonged  release of active ingredients with continuously and reduce side effect, enhanced the stability of active ingredients. Mostly liquid – liquid suspension polymerization and quasi-emulsion diffusion methods are used for preparation of microsponges with different polymer such as Ethyl cellulose, Eudragit RS- 100, Eudragit S-100 and Eudragit E-100, Eudragit L-100, acrylic polymer etc used as formulation. Various therapeutics agents are loaded into Microsponges and then consolidate into different formulation like as gel, cream, and tablets. Drug is released from microsponges by different trigging system such as pressure system, solubility system, temperature change and pH triggered system. Various process parameters like concentration of drug and polymer, concentration of surfactants, volume of internal and external phase etc. affect the particles size, production yield, encapsulation efficiency and release of drug. In market different Microsponges based product are available such as NeoBenz®Micro, Neo®MicroSD, NeoBenz®Microwash,  Retin A Micro,  Retinol 15 Night cream, EpiQuin Micro and Retinol cream etc.

Graphene is one of the crystalline forms of carbon, along with diamond, graphite, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes where in carbon atoms are arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern. Graphene can be described as a one-atom thick layer of the layered mineral graphite. High-quality graphene is very strong, light, nearly transparent, and excellent conductor of heat and electricity. Its interaction with other materials and with light, and its inherently two-dimensional nature, produce unique properties Owing to its interesting electrical, optical, mechanical and chemical properties, graphene has found potential applications in a wide range of areas, including biomedicine. Graphene has a number of properties which make it potentially promising for bioapplications. Its large surface area, chemical purity and the possibility of easy functionalization provide opportunities for drug delivery. Its unique mechanical properties suggest its application in tissue- engineering and regenerative medicine. Its combination of ultimate thinness, conductivity and strength make it an ideal support for imaging biomolecules in transmission electron microscopy. Also, chemically functionalized graphene might lead to fast and ultrasensitive measurement devices, capable of detecting a range of biological molecules including glucose, cholesterol, hemoglobin and DNA. This review summarize the latest progress of using graphene for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery, cancer therapies and biosensing, and discuss the opportunities and challenges in this emerging field.

  Despite disadvantages, oral drug delivery remains the preferred route of drug delivery. Oral administration is the most popular route due to ease of ingestion, pain avoidance, versatility (to accommodate various types of drug candidates), and most importantly, patient compliance. FDTs are intended and designed to disintegrate and dissolve in saliva and then easily swallowed without need of water, which is a major benefit over conventional dosage form. Fast dissolving tablets can be prepared by various conventional methods like direct compression, wet granulation, moulding, spray drying, freeze drying, and sublimation. Some of the patented technologies with improved performance, patient compliance, and enhanced quality have emerged in the recent past. In 1986, the first lyophilized fast-dissolving technology Zydis was introduced by Cardinal formerly R. P. Scherer and after that there was a continuous growth in names, technologies & patented technology by different companies such as Wowtab technology, oraquick technology etc. Various excipients are employed in the formulation for example superdisintegrants such as crospovidone (CP), sodium starch glycolate (SSG), croscarmellose sodium and PVP as binder and many more. The review also covers the evaluation parameters including pre-compression and post compression parameters and packaging of FDTs. There are multiple fast-dissolving OTC and Rx products on the market worldwide, most of which have been launched in the past 3 to 4 years. There have also been significant increases in the number of new chemical entities under development using a fast-dissolving drug delivery technology. Thus, in near future, it is expected that this delivery system will get much importance as that of conventional delivery systems. This article provides a comprehensive review of various technologies. Key Words: Oral delivery, fast dissolving tablet, drug delivery, Novel dosage forms.