Toxicity

Overall, we are convinced that in the future the field of medicinal inorganic chemistry will be a key part of drug development for personalized medicine, allowing also considerable advances in predictive medicine. However, we should also fight against the prejudice associated to metal-based drugs, mostly in terms of in vivo toxicity. Thus, as bioinorganic chemists, we should be able to address the difference between the toxicity related to the “naked”, non-coordinated metal ion, and that of the corresponding metal stabilized by the coordinating ligand(s). Moreover, the toxicity of metal complexes is a multifaceted subject during the development of metal-based drugs as it primarily depends on the type of selected application. In the case of metal-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis or therapy toxicity is not the main matter of concern due to the low concentrations of metal-complexes administered to the patients. In order to exert pharmacological effects (e.g. cisplatin is activated by hydrolysis inside cancer cells), however, further studies are necessary to “fine tune” the stability metal complexes while maintaining their biological activity and reduce their side-effects.

Cadmium compounds are serious pollutants of aquatic environment because of their environmental persistence and ability to be accumulated by aquatic organisms. The present research was designed to study the sub lethal concentration of CdCl2 on some biochemical parameters of Clarias batrachus. The fishes selected for the experiment were 20 in number, arranged in 4 groups, 5 in each group. The average length and weight of Clarias batrachus was 11 inches and 255 gms respectively. One of the 4 groups was kept as control and the rest three  groups were experimental ones exposed to 2.5 mg/litre sub lethal concentration of CdCl2 for the time period of 15, 30 and 45 days respectively. After exposure, it was observed on one hand that the glucose level showed a significant decrease and on the other hand an increase was observed in total protein, cholesterol, albumin and globulin. The result of recent research work clearly indicates that the cadmium disturbs the energy metabolism of Clarias batrachus by and large. This in future will lead to death of fish species and finally affects the whole population of the individual organism.

This present review is progress in selected nanotechnology topics and some possible applications. This attempt mainly focused on Different Classes of Nanoparticles (Ceramic nanoparticles, Metallic particles, Carbon nanomaterials, Quantum dots) and Applications of Nanotechnology in Pharmaceuticals (Diagnosis, Pharmacology and Therapy, Molecular Diagnosis) and Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems and Toxicity of Nanoparticles. Nanoparticles mainly use aims to minimize drug degradation upon administration, prevent undesirable side effects, and increase drug bioavailability and the fraction of the drug accumulated in the pathological area.