Bleeding time

Manihot esculenta leaves (Euphorbiaceae) are reputed to have hemostatic properties. Traditional medicine practitioners used the leaves to arrest bleeding in post-partum hemorrhage cases. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of the aqueous extract of Manihot esculenta leaves (EAME) on blood coagulation in vivo. Twenty rats of both sexes were used in this experiment. Five groups of four rats (200 ± 5 g) received orally distilled water, phytomenadione (15 mg/kg b.w) and Manihot esculenta leaves extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.w.) for four days and after this period, bleeding time was measured by tail hemorrhage model. Prothrombin time (PT) and platelet count were determined by coagulometer and hematological analyzer respectively. Antihemolytic activity was measured by the methods of 2, 2′-Azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced hemolysis. EAME at 1000 mg / kg b.w. induced a significant decrease of bleeding time from 421 ± 19, 5 s to 247, 5 ± 25, 6 s (p ? 0, 01, n = 4). The platelet count of a group of rat treated with EAME (1000 mg / kg b.w) was not affected. The application of EAME decreased PT in a concentration-dependent manner, but this decrease was not significant (p ? 0, 05, n = 4). EAME inhibited AAPH-induced hemolysis with IC50 values of 0, 2. 10-2 ± 0, 15 mg/ml. EAME exhibits hemostatic and antihemolytic effects. The hemostatic property of EAME in vivo justifies the use of Manihot esculenta leaves in the treatment of post-partum hemorrhage cases.

The present study was carried out with an objective to formulate modified dosage form of Clopidogrel bisulfate. Clopidogrel bisulfate is available in the form of oral immediate release tablets. It is modified into both pharmaceutical aqueous injection and oral solid floating tablet formulations.  In-vitro and in- vivo evaluation of both the formulations were evaluated. The aqueous injection comprises solubilizer and aqueous solvent. Floating tablet were formulated in different ratio’s of natural based swelling polymer Swelstar MX-I. The floating tablets were based on effervescent approach using sodium bicarbonate as gas generating agent. The effect of polymers concentration on drug release profile was evaluated. The formulations containing sodium bicarbonate 34 mg per tablet provided desired buoyancy (floating lag time of about 2 minutes and total floating time of >24 hours). The in –vivo study on rabbits to see the effect of bleeding time, clotting time, platelet count and partial thromboplastin time were investigated. The results indicates that the bleeding time of clopidogrel floating tablets exhibited effect upto 12 hrs and the effect was maintained for 24 hours compared to reference product. The IV bolus solution showed maximum bleeding time in 1 hr and than decreased significantly as compared to normal control. No significant change in mean platelt count was observed. The clotting time of treated groups significantly increased in test formulation group as compared to normal group upto12 hours but regains to baseline in 24 hours.