AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a clinical infirmity that is a result of infection with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes intense immunosuppression. Many compounds of plant origin that inhibit HIV during various stages of cycle theses include several alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Xanthenes and tannins. These compounds have the capability to come up as a medication for therapy of HIV infection. Herbal medication provides rational means for the therapy of Aids, the Herbal drugs which are utilized in Nut, Turmeric, Asoka, Sarpagandha, Cotton Seed, Arjuna. So, the focus of this review article is to pinpoint possessing activity against HIV objective of providing an effective approach for prevention of transmission and therapy of these diseases.

This study aimed to develop hydrophilic matrix based controlled release  gastroretentive drug delivery system of Lamivudine floating matrix tablets, which after oral administration are designed to prolong the gastric residence time, increase the drug bioavailability and diminish the side effects of irritating drugs. FTIR studies revealed that there is no interaction between the drug and polymers used for the formulation. Among all the formulations F21 containing HPMC K100M, Carbopol 934P, Polyox WSR 303 and sodium bicarbonate, as gas generating agent was selected as optimized formulation based on physico chemical properties, floating lag time (34 sec) and total floating time (>24 h). From in vitro dissolution studies, the optimized formulation F21 showed drug release of 99.36±5.36%, whereas 92.36±5.02% of the drug was released from the marketed product within 24h. From in vivo bioavailability studies, after oral administration of floating tablet containing 100 mg Lamivudine, the Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0–∞ of optimized gastroretentive formulation were found to be 32.11±3.16 µg/mL, 8.00±1.26 h and 225±28.14 µg*h/ml, respectively. Cmax and AUC values of optimized formulation were found to be significantly higher than of marketed product, where longer gastric residence time is an important condition for prolonged or controlled drug release and also for improved bioavailability. Hence, gastro retention can be a promising approach to enhance bioavaiilability of Lamivudine with narrow absorption window in upper GIT.

The aim of the present study was the handling of  laboratory animals ,there sources ,routs of administrations Laboratory animals form the life-line of biomedical research and play a very vital role in the drug development programmes. There is an ever-growing need for better laboratory animal facilities for biomedical research, production of antisera, vaccines and novel drugs, especially to combat the dreadful AIDS and other diseases. The need to maintain the animals under standard animal husbandry conditions, to handle them gently and humanely, and limit unnecessary usage by strictly enforcing ethical considerations demands utmost attention. The present review includes information about housing and environmental condition, feeding techniques, safety handling for animals, routes of administration of drugs, guidelines of animal ethical committee, sources of animals, disposal of animals and also experimentation. Key words: Biomedical Research, Dreadful, AIDS, Antisera, Vaccines.

The advent of highly active antiretroviral (ARV) agents has led to striking reduction in plasma viral load, opportunistic infection and mortality from AIDS. Unfortunately most of these drugs have poor physiochemical, metabolism or transport properties that result in poor or variable absorption and side effects, which are often related to the accumulation of the drug at inappropriate sites. Various classes of antiretroviral agents are available, though monotherapy in HIV positive individuals can develop resistance more quickly as compared to combinational therapy or fixed dose combination or highly active antiretroviral therapy. The currently available ARV drugs mostly oral formulations, which are associated with several disadvantages and inconveniences to the HIV patients. The delivery of drugs via oral route suffers from significant first-pass effect, variation of absorption and degradation in the gastrointestinal, erratic bioavailability, limited duration of drug action, metabolism/elimination and transport barriers reducing the effect of anti-HIV drugs reaching the target site. Also half-life of several ARV drugs is short, which requires frequent administration of doses leads to poor patient compliance. Therefore, the usage of novel drug delivery systems is a logical approach to circumvent these problems and effectively treat the HIV infection. Various novel drug delivery techniques were tried or on trial for ARV drugs. Among the recent approaches of novel drug delivery system for anti-HIV drugs, controlled/sustained and targeted/intracellular drug delivery are the important ones. In this review the need for novel drug delivery, advantages, and recent development in drug delivery system of antiretroviral drugs were discussed, which may useful for further research in future.