Upadhye SS

Malaria is a major public health issue that affects people all around the world. Malaria's name came from the words mal-bad and aria-air. Malaria is a plasmodium infection caused by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium malaria, among others. Malaria infection can be treated with a variety of medications. Anemia and fever are both common signs of illness. Malaria has a life cycle. Malaria has an asexual and sexual phase, with the malaria parasite impacting the blood and hepatocytes (liver) of the host. The early stages of the life cycle do not create any symptoms, but fever or chills are developed when merozoites penetrate the host's liver. Because medication resistance is a serious issue for malaria patients, a combination therapy is used to treat malaria patient therefore; combination therapy is used instead of the single drug although it is used to overcome the drug resistance, side effect of drug as well. The focus of this review article is on classification, chemical structure and structural activity relationship of compounds, as well as new discovery and modification. The present article focused on recent development in malaria treatment.

The nanorobotics is the technology of the creating machines or the robots at or close to a scale of the  10-9metres[nanometre] nanorobots. The  nanobots or nanoids[nanorobots] are constructed of the nanoscale or the molecular components. At this time, as no artificial non-biological nanorobots have been created so far, they remain the hypothetical concept. This articles focuses on history of nanorobots, composition of nanorobots, mechanism of nanorobots & applications of nanorobots.

The discovery of the cubosomes is the unique story & spans the fields of the food science, biological membranes, differential geometry & digestive processes. The cubosomes are the square & rounded particles with the internal cubic lattices visible. The cubosomes are self-assembled nanostructured particles formed by the aqueous lipid & surfactant systems. The cubosomes are the thermodynamically stable, they have the structure like “honeycombed” with the bicontinuous domains of the water & lipid in which the surfactant assembles into the bilayers & twisted into the 3 dimension, periodic & the minimal surface forming the structure which are tightly packed. They exhibit the different internal cubic structure & composition with different drug-loading modalities. In drug nano formulations the cubosome have great potential for the melanoma therapy owing to their potential advantages which includes high drug payloads due to the high internal surface area & cubic crystalline structures relatively biodegradability of lipids, the simple preparation method, targeting & controlled release of the bioactive agents, the ability of encapsulating the hydrophilic, hydrophobic & amphiphilic substances, The cubosome dispersions are biocompatible & bioadhesive. Due to their properties the cubosome are versatile systems administrable by different routes such as parenterally, orally& percutaneously. Hydrating the surfactant or the polar lipid that forms the cubic phase & then dispersing the solid like phase into the smaller particles usually forms the cubosomes. To encapsulate guest molecules such novel particles are utilized which are either amphiphilic, lipophilic or hydrophilic due to its structure compartmentalization.

Melt granulation has gathered increasing interest in the pharmaceutical industry for the concept of utilizing a molten liquid as a binder. Melt granulation process is currently applied in the pharmaceuticals for the manufacture of variety of dosage forms and formulation such as immediate release and sustained release pellets, granules and tablets. This technique has been used for improving bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. The review article gives updates about the latest developments in technology behind use of melt granulation process. Article deals with in depth basic information about granule growth mechanisms during melt granulation. The article also provides an insight to Equipments and factors influencing the melt granulation process & its applications to improve the dosage form characteristics which are utilized for industrial production.

In the recent years the pulsatile drug release systems are gaining growing interest. The pulsatile drug release where the drug is rapidly released after the well defined lag-time could be advantageous for many drugs or therapies. The sustained & controlled release devices are not applicable in some of the cases like the time-programmed administration of the hormones & many drugs. The living systems are the predictable dynamic resonating systems which require different amounts of drug at the expected times within the circadian cycle. The pulsatile drug delivery system has fulfilled this requirement. This system is such a system where the drug is released suddenly after the well-defined lag time or the time gap according to the circadian rhythm of the disease states. No drug is released from the device within this lag time. This method is good for the drugs with the extensive first pass metabolism & targeted to the specific site in the intestinal tract. The current article focuses on the necessities of pdds, diseases requiring PDDS, classification of pulsatile drug delivery system, current situation and future scope& marketed technologies of pulsatile drug delivery system.